Case study 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2 - Case Study Example The vendor will have more expertise since they face issues that are more varied (Desai, 2009). In order to outsource the function, however, XYZ Company needs to identify first the need for outsourcing (McIvor, 2012). The company should do an internal assessment on why they want to outsource and whether it is due to failure of the internal staff. Next, the company should recognize the IT tasks that they should outsource and those that must be retained in-house. The company should seek to outsource services that are already mature and available in the marketplace. Those tasks that should be outsourced should be competitive in the marketplace in order to get the best price (McIvor, 2012). XYZ will contend various costs with when it comes to outsourcing IT functions. The first is the cost of searching for a vendor and contracting (Willcocks et al, 2011). Next, the company will have to deal with the cost of transition, to an IT function vendor, as well as management of the outsourcing effort, which includes monitoring the vendor’s work, bargaining with them, and negotiation of required contract changes. Finally, there are costs with the transition after the company has already outsourced, which may include switching vendors and re-integration of internal IT activities (Willcocks et al,

Strategic Choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Choice - Essay Example Growth relates to each and every employee at the workplace. The development in the quality of existing employees’ skills and the quantity of skilled workers leads to overall organizational growth. The most precious asset that a company may cherish is its employees and it needs to be seriously concerned with all issues that may dissatisfy, frustrate or depress them. Without happy employees, no strategy is going to work and no progress will be seen in the long run. This paper discusses what alternative my organization (Human-Care.org) must consider to realize growth and what strategy or combination of generic and grand strategies it must implement in order to improve its organizational growth. Alternative Strategies Leading to Organizational Growth Human-Care.org pursues its organizational growth, growth stages and the directions in which the company is going in a variety of ways. Yet, it is undergoing some troubles regarding guiding itself and its labor through periods of growth. It is having problems with maintaining control over resources and workforce. There are many recommendations and alternatives that it needs to consider to chase the course of its growth at every stage. Some of these strategies are discussed below: 1. New Markets and Target Consumers ... 2. New Services The organization should also try to offer new services to the consumers apart from simply recording and filing their complaints. When it will expand its offers to the clients, it will automatically attract more clientele and build its repertoire in the market and among the competitors. Implementation of new products and services is recognized as a significant way leading to organizational growth. 3. Looking for External Financial Resources We are focusing significantly on increasing the finances because we know that the organization will need funds to support its expansion in terms of employees and resources. A productive way to increase this funding is to look for external financial resources which may be in the form of monitory support from investors, partnerships, banks, and other government and private companies that may want to acquire the organization and fund it. This funding will help the company in designing and implementing such generic and grand strategies that ensure its growth. Growth Strategies for my Organization A strategy means a plan that guides an organization through a process or from one state to another. A growth strategy is the plan that the organization uses to broaden the scope of its business by expanding its consumer group. The objective of such a strategy is to improve the organizational growth while balancing the resources at the same time. Although there are many kinds of growth strategies that firms use like merger, joint venture, acquisition, and strategic alliance, I would recommend that Human-Care.org must use the joint venture and strategic alliance strategies to enhance its organizational growth.

Life for ofelia of pans labyrinth

Life for ofelia of pans labyrinth Introduction (2,500) In the year of 2006 we saw two girls fall down a rabbit hole of mystery, wonder and danger. Two female protagonists engaged with the fantasy worlds of Terry Gilliams Tideland (2006) and Guillermo Del Toros Pans Labyrinth (2006). For Jeliza Rose in Tideland, life was hard and lonely and so she began to slip into a shape-shifting and somewhat surreal version of her difficult reality. Life for Ofelia of Pans Labyrinth, is the violent and unforgiving environment of fascist Spain ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­, where she befriends a faun and learns of a fantastical realm where she is princess. These girls are faced with tough and unsympathetic realities and a fall down the rabbit hole somewhat rescues them. Next in 2007, The Bridge to Terabithia (2007) presents another child protagonist whose engagement with an alternate reality has shocking and shattering effects. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the .. This is part of a recent and unmistakeable revival of interest in fantasy; ‘in the last few years, fantasy in general has roared back into a prominent place in popular culture'[1] with the emergence of screen adaptations of fantasy novels. The pivotal year for the resurgence in fantasy was 2001 where the first instalment of J.K. Rowlings Harry potter with Chris Colombuss Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone (2001) and the first part of J.R.R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings with Peter Jacksons The Fellowship of the Ring(2001) gained box office success a subsequent ‘global hunger for fantasy'[2]has been revealed. David butler contemplates an apparant golden age of fantasy[3] due to the recent commodifcation of the fantastic. Howvere there have been despite a general lack of study and theorising of the fantastic there has been some abundance in analysis since this revival yet there seems to be a gap in the field in terms of the focus of the child portagonist in relation t o the contentoius and debeateable problem of escapism. This paper contenplates the how each of theses films engage with fantasy and wthat the implications of escapism are. A considertaion within films diegesis concerning the child protagonists relation to escapism and alternate realities is made What is interesting about each of the studied films is all concern pubescent child protagonists who journey to alternate worlds. The child hero figure is profound, timeless and powerful and this immense popularity has many implications for the audience. by constructing a cinematic viewpoint from a childs perspective, filmmakers make assumptions about the nature of childhood. The ‘childhood as a point of view is rendered by filmmakers where the child, or children, feature, often at the centre of the narrative, while at the same time, signifcanlty acting as the narrator. These are films that use a child to take us on a journey of discovery. ESCAPISM ARGUMENT?-that these dark fantasy films present inncoence against adult vice and that subsequently ADULTS FEEL UNCOMFOTABLE AND REACT NEGATIVELY. The childs superior wisdom, an assumed vantage point of innocence and ‘greater access to fantasy, leaves the adults in the audience to see their own absurdity and harshness through the eyes of the child,[4] this is a prevalent feeling in Tideland and Pans Labyrinth as the sexual promiscuity of Dell and the violence and corruptedness of Captain Vidal is set against the fragile youthfulness of the Ofelia and Jeliza-Rose. ESCAPISM ARGUMENT!!!!Through the eyes of the child, we engage with the wonderous and the strange, which becomes a ‘reservoir of strength for the child. The notion that the child as an innocent, pure and untouched figure is one that is enchanting to audiences and filmmakers alike. The young feisty female protagonists in these films have developed and are a far cry from the passive and submissive, one dimensional characters of Disney. This is significant in the development of the child protagonist and alternate world fairytale as Disney dominated that fairytale on film niche. The innovative animation of Disney was indeed extraordinary, yet in Jack Zipes view Disney actually promoted the ‘domestication of the imagination.[5] Walt Disneys fairytale films offered an ‘eternal return of the same, with stereotypical characters and a significant emphasis on thematic structure aswell as an encouragement of ‘non-reflective reviewing.[6] Zipes makes the argument that Disney produces emotionally comforting, unchallenging material. In contrast to Disneys reproduction of fairytale film, Guillermo Del Toros Pans Labyrinth, Terry Gilliams tideland and Gabor Csupos The Bridge to Terabithias combines; a rendering of the fairytale narrative (in the case of Pans Labyrinth), various styles and themes to create complex and challenging films that cross generic boundaries. Tough, resilient girls whose harsh realities are thrust upon the audience in an un comforting manner are the feature of these latest fantasy films. This paper considers young female protagonists who have to encounter and deal with dramatic and fundamental changes in their lives. These are related to the transformation of girls into women; emergence of puberty and adult sexuality. Central to this project is a focus on psycho sexual and social transformations. The child hero figure is a powerful and profound one that has a timeless essence. And this familiar hope of the child hero is visible at the centre of each of these films. The popularisation and common use of the child figure has its roots in Victorian society, an era in which fairytales were institutionalised in the West. At the end of the nineteenth century fairytales were being written and published in abundance after a period of being directed at the adult elite classes they began to be created for children and the family. Industrialization had radically transformed society and effects of alienation and repression were felt. Alices Adventures in Wonderland (1865)[7] written in Britain by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pen name of Lewis Carroll. Alices Adventures in Wonderland was deliberately created with a total absence of didacticism[8] and is considered one of the wildest and imaginative of Fairy Tales in vcitorian society. The highly successful novel tells the story of Alice who takes down a trip down a rabbit hole to a Wonderland of pun, symbolism and nonsense. Carrolls Alice books (nine in total) were part of a movement which began to expeiement with Tzvetan Todorovs notion of ‘non-signification, which is now an established mode of the fantastic. Epistempological doubt was the feature of much nineteenth centuray literature, themes of madness, hallucinations, double personalities and general splitting and divisions of subjects made up the gothic, marvellous and fantastic literature. Carrolls Wonderland presents a the challenging of self. Identity is unstable, Alice shrinks and grows in size, and the Cheshire cat disappears to a grin creating ‘the plasticity of a dream'[9]. Books which have been adaptetd inot successful films and television series ushc as Alices Advanetures In Wonderland, The Wonderful Wizard Of Oz and The Chronicles Of Narnia series written over between mid nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century all feature adventourous young protagonists with either have absent parents or are orphans, who all embark on their own journeys of discovery . the poratgonist are at a prebuscent age and are sexual and asexual at the same time, the journeys they take involve gaining maturity a consciousness that is closer to that of an adult toward the end. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz written in 1900 by American novelist Frank. L Baum features another one of the most recognised young female protagonists young orphaned Dorothy Gale. The novel was immensely popular on release and several film adaptations have been created since. MGMs 1939 technicolor screen adaptation, The Wizard ofOz directed by Victor Flemming is the most widely acknowledged version and remains a staple part of American (and Western) popular culture. After the success of the films the idea of Dorothy Glae and the land of Oz grew to become a ####commodity and gained a cultural following, (such as the charcters and icongraohy from the film appeared in the Christmas 2009 Harrods window display) . The sepia colours of the opening and ending of Flemmings film emohasuzes the bleakness and dreariness thta Dorothy percievs the farm where she lives to be, aswell as reflecting the feelings of disenchantment that people felt due to the hardship of the Deppression in America at the time, people cold relate to Dorothys dissatisfaction in her surroundings, they also longed for ‘somewhere over the rainbow. After realising that ‘there is no place like home Dorothy returns to Kansas, and a common feature of fairytakles and childrens literature, the return-to-reality closure is provided. Dorothy, disenchanted and with only her dog ToTo as company suddenly hurricane suddenly seizes the farm and Dorothy lands in Oz, filmed in vivid technicoulur emphasizing the spectacularness and wonder of her fantasy world. Dorothy lives with her inattentive aunt and uncle, unloving mothers or substitute mothers are a frequent character in fairytales, which leaves the protagonist feeling unloved. If we accept the common psychoanalytic reading that Oz represents Dorothys mind then it can be read that the characters are exaggerated parts of herself; the downhearted and self-critical scarecrow may reflect Dorothys low self esteem, the rigid tin man who cannot feel love be a sign of Dorothys emotional repression and the cowardly lion could indicate her lack of moral assurance.[10] however, in the film, it is made clear that her three companions were actually the farmhands all along. The characters journey to the wizard to try and obtain lacking virtues; a brain signifying intelligence, a heart meaning love and courage indicating self belief and confidence. The fact that we realise they each had the qualities they were searching for means, in the case of the book, Dorothy does also. Baum provides a clear message ‘that we have within us the qualities we seek.'[11] Jones asserts that this message is of ‘considerable reassurance to children in the process of maturation'[12] the alternate worlds provide opportunities to learn about the human condition and for self discovery, for the reader-audience aswell as for the protagonist. The return to Kansas which acts as closure, therefore rejects fantasy by sentamentalizing it[13] and ignoring its subve rsive implications. Dorothys wish to return to Kansas is fulfilled and Aunt Ems joy at having Dorothy return emphasizes Dprothys conscious contentment as shebecomes a maternal and affectionate mother figure. Has Kansas changed and has Dorothy transformed? Dorothy is transported to the splendorous and green world of Oz out of the dreariness of Kansaa, yet she wishes for return and so home is never far away. Dorothy cannot leave Oz until she completes tasks, which include killing witches, thus she a fantasy world provides immense powers, she must then find the wizard. The fact taht she can only return to Knasa after learning of the enchantments and dangers of Oz alludes to the fact that fantasy is about confronting as oppose ot evading reality. C. S. Lewis presented Gary Westfahl observes the long-established concern with the romantic child; ‘western tradition has long honoured children as being purer and naturally better than adults because they have not yet been corrupted by worldly ways; they lie in William Blakes blessed world of innocence, not his wicked world of experience'[14] The image of the child as being closer to God than the adult, is set against the adult who is morally unclean due to the corruption of wicked experience appeared in much religious ritual and ancient myth. Children traditionally said to represent innocence[15]. It is interesting to note that the word ‘innocence is cognate with noxious and derives from Latin nocere ‘to harm (Stein) innocence then is the condition of being unharmed,[16] which is where the fascination with the idea of the child arose. The opposite of innocence then is experience, which gives us the title of William Blakes Songs of Innocence and of Experience. Blake sets up powerful binaries of childhood innocence and adults as experienced thus spiritually harmed, this literature has had a powerful influence on and reflected Victorian societys attitudes. The passage assumes a world in which any experience is dangerous to the soul. Marina Warner, a writer and mythographer has contributed significantly to the theory of film which has a relatively short lived history. She brings an understanding of modes of narration and codes of representation which distinguish the medium as ones that are prefigured by an extensive history of cultural production, greatly influencing the medium. With a strong affinity to writer Angela Carter, Warner takes a feminist approach to the study of fairytale and fairytale on film. Her central concern is reclaiming the cinematic use of the fairytale narrative and making a consideration of its representation to female experience, particularly to rites of passage. By doing this, Warner also considers the child figure in films which are not necessarily made for children but have a child as a narrator. She observes the appeal of the child as a central figure comes from ‘the prelasparian notion of innocence and the implication that children, by virtue of not being bound by adult rationality, have greater access to the world of imagination and fantasy.'[17] Thus the child protagonist can engage wilfully with fantastical realms which adults regard as impossible. The fantasy genre has a close affinity with the ‘Wonder Tale defined by some critics, or the ‘Folk Fairy Tale by others. For all allegorists of a Neo-Platonist perspective, fairytales were scriptures of the spirit, displaying messages of universal love and death.[18] Paganism and psychoanalytic studies, such as Sigmund Freuds notion of the uncanny, have defended the fantasy as something that is fundamental to the human being. In contrast to the above universalising interpretations, the contemporary situation reveals the emergence of a socio-historical school which considers fairytales and fantasy as a direct impression of reality. They are embedded in popular culture, yet are subject to change and transformation reflecting new developments. The fairytale and fantasy are subsequently a ‘tool for thought, a multicoloured skein of images with which to think about the real, both reiterating and shaping the real in restructured narratives, reassemble images.[19] Therefor e a consideration needs to be madeevaut the contemporary situation of fantasy and fairytale in film. This paper explores whats different between these films. Although Gilliam introduced Tideland with the prediction that some people will love it and some people will hate it, he may not have been prepared for the profusion of heated, disgusted and outraged reactions which followed the films relase, including people walking out of the cinema. With 157 reviews posted on the internet movie database, tideland ‘was (rightly) savaged by critics and ignored by most audiences,'[20]â€Å" some kind of Alice in Wonderland with psychic tinge†[21] â€Å"the worst movie i have ever seen† â€Å"UNPLEASANT†, â€Å"perverse, ..†, â€Å"Unwatchable.† â€Å"Nauseating.† ‘Mr. Gilliam descends into curdled silliness. It might be said that his imagination knows no boundaries; it might be good if he found some. A. O. Scott from The New York Times â€Å"Tideland† is rated R. It has drug use, gruesome deaths and extremely icky sexual implications. [22]Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly writes that Tideland an F, calling it gruesomely awful. [23] Despite overall positive critical reception, there was much negative reactions tp pans Labyrinth, also revealed people recated badly to fairytales that werwe scary, ‘the senseless murder of an innocent child—make Pans Labyrinth irredeemable in my eyes.'[24] And another review argued ‘I dont believe for a second that this is any kind of fairy tale.'[25]more angry reviewers did nto agree with the fairytale genre labelling, ‘Only if we as adults have decomposed our standards so that torture and suffering constitute fairy tales.'[26] People This paper also makes a consideration of escapisms dishonoured status. It attempts to make a contribution to the overdue reconsideration of fantasy literature and film. The overall structure of the study takes the form of five chapters, including this introductory [1] Susan Napier makes this observation in 2005at the beginning of a discussion regarding Japanese anime, David Butler (2009) Fantasy Cinema: Impossible Worlds, Wallflower Press, p6 [2] Susan Napier in David Butler fantasy cinema: impossible Worlds (2009) [3] David Butler discusses and summarises ‘the problem of fantasy and escapism in his recently published and insightful overview of key themes and debates in fantasy cinema, Fantasy Cinema: Impossible Worlds(2009) London: Wallflower Press ,p5. [4] Marina Warner, Through A Childs Eyes, Internal Bfi Seminar, 12 February 1992, P44 [5]Jack Zipes (1997) Happily Ever After: fairy tales, children and the culture industry, New York; London: Routledge, p92. [6] Jack Zipes (1994) fairytale as myth, myth as fairytale, Lexington : University Press of Kentucky,pp94-95 [7] Patrick Brantlinger, William B Thesing (2002) A companion to the Victorian Novel. Wiley-Blackwell. p360. [8] Barbara Smith Chalou (2007) Struwwelpeter: humor or horror? : 160 years later. Lexington books. p75. [9] Manlove, C, N. (2003) From Alice to Harry Potter Childrens Fantasy in England. Christchurch, N.Z: Cybereditions. p20. [10] ibid. [11] Wolstenholme (2000) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. pxxxiv. [12] Jones (2002) The Fairy Tale. p95. [13] Sarah Gilead, Magic abjured: closure in chidlresn fantasy fiction, PMLA, Vol. 106, No. 2 (Mar., 1991), Modern Language Association pp. 277-293, p279 [14] px [15] Eric S. Rabkin ‘Infant Joys: The Pleasures of Disempowerment in Fantasy and Science Fiction (J.C.Cooper An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Traditional Symbols, London: Thames and Hudson, 1978)p16 [16] ibid [17] Marina warner. Cinema and realms of enchantment, P6 [18] Marina warner, The Uses Of Enchantment, lecture at the NFT (7 February 1992) P16 [19] Marina Warner, The Uses Of Enchantment, lecture at the NFT (7 February 1992)p17 [20] Alex Billington, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410764/news?year=2008 [21] HurtGenerator(Wed Dec 20 2006 11:39:07 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410764/board/nest/56980592?d=61756820p=6#61756820 [22] ^ Tideland: A Girl Endures a No-Mans Land by Dwelling in the Make-Believe, A. O. Scott, The New York Times, October 13, 2006 [23] Owen Gleiberman [24] fmcchris, ‘Devoid of grace, wit, and soul, 6 June 2007, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate [25] Paulk-20, ‘Harmful at best, 1 June 2007, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate [26] Robert, ‘i waited so long to be rewarded with dissapointment, 15 may 2007, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0457430/usercomments?filter=hate

Moses Mendelssohn: A New Jewish Faith :: Religion Jew Judaism Essays

Moses Mendelssohn: A New Jewish Faith ‘Among the precepts and statues of the Mosaic law there is none saying â€Å"Thou shalt believe† or â€Å"Thou shalt not believe†; all say â€Å"Thou shalt do† or not do. Faith accepts no commands; it accepts only what comes to it by way of reasoned conviction. All commandments of the divine law are addressed to the will, to man’s capacity to act.’ (Glatzer 511). In considering who is a Jew, one must first gather a concrete conception of Judaism. Moses Mendelssohn offers some helpful material in â€Å"A Definition of Judaism,† which can be found in The Judaic Tradition. Mendelssohn’s interpretation agrees with the opinions of certain political philosophers, in his discussion of Judaism as a religion based primarily on reason. His belief that â€Å"revelation†¦ pertains to precepts of conduct and laws of action†¦Ã¢â‚¬  make Judaism appear as a very different religion from its relatives. Mendelssohn’s characterization of faith as an idea arrived at through reason and understanding reveals a great deal about individual Jews. â€Å"Among the precepts and statues of the Mosaic law there is none saying ‘Thou shalt believe’ or ‘Thou shalt not believe’; all say ‘Thou shalt do’ or not do† (Glatzer 511). Mendelssohn’s first goal with this passage is to develop a definition of Judaism as a religion with a different form than that of Christianity. Christianity, a religion deeply rooted in the traditional notion of faith, asks primarily that its followers believe in Jesus Christ as their savior and reaffirm this belief through custom. Mendelssohn rejects this concept of faith outright, arguing â€Å"true faith is based on reason alone and thus is equally accessible to all men† (Glatzer 509). Action and conscious thought in Judaism are held in higher regard than passive belief. Those who question their beliefs and begin to arrive at the reason for divine legislation develop a stronger conception of Judaism and move closer to God. In saying that â€Å"Faith accepts no commands†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mendelssohn intimates that those who develop their faith as a result of a forceful command (e.g. â€Å"Believe!†) lose the meaning of the concept. A Jew’s faith â€Å"accepts only what comes to it by way of reasoned conviction.† Mendelssohn highlights an integral part of what it means to be a Jew by discussing the acquisition of faith through reason. Moses delivered the Jews the Lord’s commandments of divine law without specific instruction to believe, but rather law â€Å"addressed to the will, to man’s capacity to act.

Hebrew Israelites Essay

A psychologist is planning to conduct a study that would examine pathological liars and the quality of their romantic relationships. You have been asked to provide the psychologist with a recommendation for which research method should be used to gather data on the pathological liars and their spouses. Using the table below list each research method and its advantages and disadvantages for use in this study. Make your recommendation to the psychologist and explain the rationale behind your choice. Your response should be 100-200 word After reading and understanding the 5 methods of research, my recommendation would be to use a combination of naturalistic observation and case study. Being that the research will be done on pathological liars and the quality of their romantic relationship, I thought the best way to get true research would be to go the more natural ways. Naturalistic observation is observing the participant in their everyday life, and what better way to understand someone’s relationship then seeing how they interact on a day to day basis. There are also, disadvantages to naturalistic method, the participants may not act as they would do normally, and since this research is on pathological liars, that may not be fully affective. That is where I believe using the case study method would be helpful, using different methods, such as interviewing the spouses separately and preforming psychological tests.

Reading Response: “Lines of Life” Landon

Lines 101 to 104 in Lines of Life by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, she uses imagery and repetition to depict what the reader can assume to be her ultimate dream as an artist; also I believe this stanza in particular helps the reader to understand why she chose this title. The footnotes of the Norton text tells us that Landon’s, â€Å"Title may reference Shakespeare’s sonnet 16†¦questioning the power of art to bestow immortality†. I agree with this analysis because of lines 101 to 104 in the poem. In lines 101 and 102 Landon uses imagery to depict the scene of a â€Å"pale youth by his dim lamp, himself a dying flame†.The language Landon uses is very effective in creating a vision for the reader. The repition of the image of a flame is also effective in depicting a vision for the reader. Also, when Landon mentions that the, â€Å"pale youth† is, â€Å"Himself a dying flame† it reminds the reader of his mortality. This emphasis of mortality al so strengthens my resolve to agree with the text that the title is a reference to Shakespeare’s sonnet 16. In lines 103 and 104 Landon says, â€Å"From many an antique scroll beside, choose that which bears my name? The language Landon uses indicates that the image of the â€Å"pale youth† is far in the future because her work is an â€Å"antique scroll†. Landon, continuing to use vivid imagery, is once again emphasizing the notion that her work will make her immortal; not in the literal sense, but in the sense that though she may be physically dead her ideas live on forever and be valued by future generations; again strengthening the argument that the text makes, that the title of this piece is a reference to Shakespeare’s Sonnet 16.

cavalry essays

cavalry essays Throughout time horses have played an important role in society. Since their first introduction, they have continued to prove that they are a valuable asset. The horse fulfilled this role durning the middle ages to almost a key, in both personal and state affiars. It was in state affairs during the middle ages that the Cavalry rose to become an important part of the battle stratagies of medieval commanders. The unit of choice went from Northren Europes intialy based infantry system into a largely dependent cavalary based system. During the cavalarys rain as quaterback of the medieval battlefield, it did not go through untouched, but took some setbacks from certian counter messures designed to combat cavalary . Despite these setbacks, the cavalary managed to maintian it's high level of importnace in medieval battle stratgy. The rise of the calavary in western Europe began for a number of a reasons that all happened around the same time. One of the most influintial of these events was the lose of the Franks to the Romans in 554 A.D. . This lose lead to an increase in the overall size of the average westren European cavalary . It was at this battle that the infantry based Franks faced a tough defeat at the hands of the Romans. The Romans of that day unlike their opponents had come to the battle field with a wide variety of tatical units at its disposal. The unit that proved to be the most effective of them all still was the cavalary, both that day in 554 A.D. and for many future days in European warfare . These horse and rider tandums of the Romans proved to be effective both as heavy cavalry, and mounted archers agianst the Frankish footmen. It was then after this deafeat during the sixth to ninth century that the number of cavalry units per solider in the Frankish military system began to inc rease. Not only were the Europeans at the time taking lessons from the Romans in the benifiets of a strong cavalry, ...

A Turn of the Screw Response Paper Essay Example

A Turn of the Screw Response Paper Essay Example A Turn of the Screw Response Paper Essay A Turn of the Screw Response Paper Essay Essay Topic: Literature Being a non-believer in ghosts myself I fall into the critical camp of the ghosts being figments of the narrators imagination in A Turn of the Screw. I base this critical perspective in the fact that the ghosts were selectively seen by her and that her creation of this ghostly psychosis could be rooted to her fear of inadequacy in tending for the children. The beginning of the actual story creates a narrative voice that may be firm but is also easily convinced to take a job she is unqualified for and is unsure of due to the charms of the Master of Bly and his willingness to take anyone for the job who is willing and attractive. She was young, untried, nervous: it was a vision of serious duties and little company, of great loneliness on a second interview she faced the music, she engaged (121). On top of all this there is seedy history in the Bly house; the last governess is dead and so is Quint, the masters handy man, and the two of them were having an infamous affair (152). Oh of their rank, their condition She was a lady And he so dreadfully below Ive never seen one like him. He did what he wished, as Mrs. Grose described the affair (152). As the story is slowly unfolded to the narrator by Mrs. Grose, it turns out that Miss Jessel died mysterious while on leave and Quint likewise speciously found dead on the side road. Of course being of lower ranks and risking the possibility of shame on the house, none of the servants speak openly of this tragic happening. But this is not the only circumstance of controversy that arises while she is the charge of Bly. In taking this charge she of course is faced with her first decision when she receives information of Miles expulsion from school. With Mrs. Grose speaking so highly of Miles, the narrator is unsure of how to approach this information. As we later find out, Miles was expelled for talking dirty to the ladies. Well-I said things t was only to-I dont remember their names only a few. Those I liked they must have repeated them. To those they liked it was too bad (216-7). When considering Miles male role models, Quint and in brief periods his uncle, no wonder he likes to talk dirty to girls. Quint was having a roll in the hay with the previous governess and his uncle is a notorious bachelor who only hires attractive governesses. The narrator is confronted with the contradictive impression she is given of Miles by Mrs. Grose versus the information of the childs expulsion. Rather than logically getting as much more information as possible by asking the school what he did to deserve the expulsion the narrator goes to Mrs. Grose for advice. She has been instructed to never disturb the Master with any issues but doesnt have the experience to know how to deal with them. Mrs. Grose being of lower rank, making it hard for her to speak ill of the children, and having a lack of education herself believes in the childs innocence. She believes this even though she hasnt seen him for some time and is in charge of Flora and not him. So she feels she is too low in rank to say anything bad about the kid, and doesnt know him well enough to say anything of substance anyway. Mrs. Grose is like the little ignorant grandmother who thinks these kids can do no wrong. And beyond that what kid, who just got expelled for talking dirty, would march home and bring it up to his new governess? Miles is ten-years-old, he doesnt want to get in trouble, but he is also a spoiled little boy who has no formal guardians having lost his father and grandparents, lost his one (bad) male role model, has an uncle who wants nothing to do with him, and is taken care by a rotation of governesses. How normal could this kid be? So he acts out. He goes out of the house late one night and has his sister wake up the governess to figuratively give her the finger. When I am bad I am bad, Miles says when he is discovered by the narrator (169). Then when he tries to be sent back to school he tries to threaten the narrator by tattling on her to his uncle. He doesnt want to be told what to do: being cute and nice hasnt gotten him what he wants, being bad hasnt either, now he is going to threaten. The narrator is left with a lack of information and is forced to fill in the blanks herself. When Mrs. Grose is gradually telling the story of Quint and Miss Jessel, each time the narrator gets another detail it makes the story worse. This creates the paranoia in the narrator the not having information means all that is unsaid must be because it is bad, not because she is dealing with children and people who are lower in rank than her and dont feel able to speak liberally to her about seedy matters. When she decides that the children are conspiring with the ghosts, she suddenly begins to see that they are misbehaving. Suddenly anything they do that is bad is associated with ghostly circumstances: Flora stealing the boat and going on the lake, Miles sneaking out, Miles sassing her in the graveyard, et al. All of these circumstances come with a ghostly sighting. There are two times I believe the narrator may have actually seen someone and not just imagined it. The first two sightings of Quint, I believe she actually saw a peeping Tom or the like. It is strange how being new to the town and very secluded that the narrator is absolutely positive that the man she sees couldnt possibly be anyone from the town or anywhere else. I caught at a dozen possibilities, none of which made a difference for the better, that I could see, in there having been in the house-and for how long, above all? -a person of whom I was in ignorance (134). She must not be doing her job well if there is someone in the house that she doesnt know. This is where the cycle starts. If she fails and she cant take care of these children, it is her fault and her fault only. The only problem is that rather than creating a normal scapegoat, she goes batty and decides the children are possessed by the trampy governess and handyman. Rather than figuring out who this guy is she doesnt tell anyone about him. Then when she sees him again the only person she tells is Mrs. Grose, the uneducated and lower ranking housemaid. From the briefest description Mrs. Grose connects this man that the narrator has seen ever so logically (sarcasm) to a dead guy. Then the governess of course makes the logical leap that Quint was looking for Miles and she must protect Miles against this evil spirit. So not only has she created this paranoid, scapegoat of a delusion, she has also given herself a mission to protect, something she apparent things sh knows how to do. When the first sighting of the woman happens, the narrator has already decided that something creepy is going on and like her first sighting of Quint, it is from a great distance and she decides, based on no evidence, that this woman is the old governess. On top of this she claims that Flora is hiding the sighting of this woman from, it couldnt possibly be that the woman wasnt or that Flora didnt see anyone there at all. She makes this same claim when Flora is discovered after sneaking out and taking the boat. Even though Flora makes no clear gesture, acknowledgement, or even look towards the woman that the narrator sees on the other side of the lake, the narrator believes this is because Flora is hiding something. This cycles back to the lack of information the narrator started with when she first took the job, rather than having to fill in the rest of the story, she is now choosing to fill in the story herself. She is looking for evidence and finding it; she is fulfilling the plot line in her head by seeing specious activity in the children. Rather than taking this as a sign that the children are acting like normal children; it must mean they are possessed by these ghosts, because they couldnt possibly act out and misbehave under her care. When Flora is discovered at the lake the narrator claims that she gives her a look that says, Ill be hanged if Ill speak, but the girl doesnt actually say this, it is all in the narrators head (196). When the children are walking around with Miles reading to Flora the narrator claims, Hes not reading to her, theyre talking of them-theyre talking of horrors, again, she hasnt actually heard them, but is fulfilling the crazy story in her head. The fact of the matter is he may just be teaching her to talk dirty, since he is such a foul-mouth, and thus why they are keeping away from the adults and not speaking loudly. Then when Flora is sick, which she could have merely gotten sick from being outside without proper attire, which was pointed out numerous times, she says some of the bad words her brother could have taught her to Mrs. Grose who reports back to the narrator. From that child-horrors! There! On my honour, Miss, she says things-! But the narrator never finds out what the girl said. She makes sure that it was bad and about herself, and places it in the plot line (204). It so justifies me! she says in response (204). But, not only does this mean that she is justified in her claims of the children being possessed (because children of course never say bad words unless being possessed), it also could justify her if the children try to claim that she didnt take care of them properly. Flora speaking vulgarly of her could be used by the narrator to say that the children merely didnt like her and were out to get her. Now the final scene, from the narrators diluted perspective, it is her saving poor Miles from this evil possession. Now, from the perspective of a ten-year-old boy, it is no wonder he died of fright. Miles is confronted after having his sister sent away by his governess. He confesses to stealing the letter and then is accused of stealing at school. He looks out the window in embarrassment because he has to then confess that it wasnt stealing but for speaking so extremely vulgarly to girls he liked that he was expelled. Stuff and nonsense! claims the narrator to this confession, because it doesnt fit into her crazed plot line (216). She asks him what he said and he of course is too embarrassed to tell her. The governess looks out the window in a deranged manner. That morning at breakfast with his sister I am sure shared with him the shock of the governess claiming to see Miss Jessel across the lake from her. Miles in response to the governess screaming at someone out the window that is not there asks, Is she here? (217). His governess yells that she sees Miss Jessel and then that its not Miss Jessel but someone else: Quint, the man that the boy adored and who by his knowledge is dead. But he had already jerked straight round, stared, glared again, and seen but the quiet day the grasp with which I recovered him might have been that of catching him in his fall We were alone with the quiet day and his little heart, dispossessed, had stopped (217). There is nothing there, no one else sees, not Mrs. Grose or Flora at the lake, nor Miles when tragically confronted with the idea that a dead man is standing him. All that is seen is the quiet day (217).

History of Electromagnetism

History of Electromagnetism Electromagnetism  is an area of  physics  which involves the study of the  electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between  electrically charged  particles. The electromagnetic force usually produces  electromagnetic fields, such as  electric fields,  magnetic fields  and  light. The electromagnetic force is one of the four  fundamental interactions  (commonly called forces) in  nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the  strong interaction, the  weak interaction  and  gravitation. Until 1820, the only magnetism known was that of iron magnets and of lodestones, natural magnets of iron-rich ore. It was believed that the inside of the Earth was magnetized in the same fashion, and scientists were greatly puzzled when they found that the direction of the compass needle at any place slowly shifted, decade by decade, suggesting a slow variation of the Earths magnetic field. Edmond Halleys Theories How can an iron magnet produce such changes? Edmond Halley  (of comet fame) ingeniously proposed that the Earth contained a number of spherical shells, one inside the other, each magnetized differently, each slowly rotating in relation to the others. Hans Christian Oersted: Electromagnetism Experiments Hans Christian Oersted was a professor of science at Copenhagen University. In 1820 he arranged in his home a science demonstration to friends and students. He planned to demonstrate the heating of a wire by an electric current, and also to carry out demonstrations of magnetism, for which he provided a compass needle mounted on a wooden stand. While performing his electric demonstration, Oersted noted to his surprise that every time the electric current was switched on, the compass needle moved. He kept quiet and finished the demonstrations, but in the months that followed worked hard trying to make sense out of the new phenomenon. However, Oersted could not explain why. The needle was neither attracted to the wire nor repelled from it. Instead, it tended to stand at right angles. In the end, he published his findings without any explanation. Andre Marie Ampere and Electromagnetism Andre Marie Ampere in France felt that if a current in a wire exerted a magnetic force on a compass needle, two such wires also should interact magnetically. In a series of ingenious experiments, Andre Marie Ampere showed that this interaction was simple and fundamental: parallel (straight) currents attract, anti-parallel currents repel. The force between two long straight parallel currents was inversely proportional to the distance between them and proportional to the intensity of the current flowing in each. There thus existed two kinds of forces associated with electricity- electric and magnetic. In 1864, James Clerk Maxwell demonstrated a subtle connection between the two types of force, unexpectedly involving the velocity of light. From this connection sprang the idea that light was an electric phenomenon, the discovery of radio waves, the theory of relativity and a great deal of present-day physics.

Systems and operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems and operations management - Essay Example It has made the work at ease in various departments but at the same time requires appropriate skill development. Role of information systems in careers in finance, accounting, HR, operations management and marketing and how the careers in information systems have been affected by new technologies and by outsourcing The various departments within the organization have in built information system for its various functions. The operation management nowadays in organizations has automated warehouses, supply chain activities, use of RFID technology, and automated inventory control. To perform such activities which are completely based on information technology proper knowledge of such software’s is required. The information system has helped in managing several tasks but has increased the level of competence that the employees should possess related to the information technology. Even in the HR departments, payroll, compensation and reward policy, managing the entire employee base is done through such systems. This has helped the administration to reduce the paperwork but at the same time it is essential for the management to impart sufficient training to the employees (Doyle, 2000, pp.156-157).The finance department nowadays in every organization has in built software for performing various activities of maintaining financial records, and producing various financial reports for the company in coordination with various other departments within the organization. The marketing department even uses the CRM software’s for effective handling of its customer’s base and even uses some integrated software’s for their product design, promotion and forecasting the market demand. The role of information systems is very high in all of the areas in the organization, which has made an increase in technical competence to sustain careers in every department. The use of ERP (enterprise resource planning)

Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman Essay

Perspectives of John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman - Essay Example While discussing on Skinners theory Mclntyre says â€Å"He rejected the idea of inner causes for behavior, and placed emphasis on observable behavior as opposed to the theorizing, based on unverifiable evidence, often done by others" (Mclntyre, 2003).Skinner believed that the reappearance of a behavior was solely due to the consequences present at the time of reappearance. He firmly believed that the progression of a certain behavior can be hindered with a chain of reinforcements like a behavior pattern being rewarded every time will eventually result in the behavior getting vanished. While Skinner’s theory is still practiced in modern psychology, animal trainers, who take the help of â€Å"operant conditioning† to discipline the animals, frequently use it. This will mean conditioning of the animal to produce a behavior motivated by reward.While both Watson and Skinner may have similar outlook on behavior, there is a major difference. Skinner believed that due importan ce should be given to the inner part of the behavior like thinking, feeling including emotions, while considering overall behavior of the person. Watson was of the opinion that such mental states cannot be studied scientifically and thus should not be used for referencing the behavior patterns.On the other hand, Tolman was not a radical behaviorist like Skinner. Tolman believed that the behavior was not just an automatic response to the stimulation of a reward.. He believed that learning could occur without the use of a rein forcer.

Student's Analysis on Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Essay

Student's Analysis on Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company - Essay Example Reconsidering the retail of Goodyear tires by Sears also meant that Goodyear has to review their distribution policy. Goodyear now faces several problems and a few dilemmas. Should we allow Sears to retail our products Should we only license them to market the Eagle brand Which brands, and how many should we allow Sears to carry Distribution through Sears would definitely increase the sales of passenger replacement tires of Goodyear. But what would the repercussions of this be on the company-owned and franchised Goodyear tire dealers How much loss would they incur The replacement tire market is responsible for 70 to 75 percent of tires sold every year. Passenger car tires are 75 percent of annual sales. The average mile driven per vehicle affects the principal demand for this market. Each 100 mile shift in the average number of miles traveled per vehicle there is a result of 1 million unit change in the sales of the replacement car tire market, and this is supposing that a tire has an average treadlife of 25,000 to 30,000 miles. Because of the longer treadlife of new tires, worldwide unit shipments have remarkably decreased. In 1987, a total of 204.8 million tires were sold. Of these, 151.9 were replacement tires. The following year (1988), a total of 209.4 tires were sold and 155.3 million of these were replacement. There was a decline of sales in 1989: only 205.1 million tires in total were sold and 153.8 million were replacement tires. It further declined in 1990 with only 199.5 million tires in total; of these were 152.3 million replacement cars. It did, however, increase the following year (1991) out of the 205.3 million tires sold, 155.4 million were replacement tires (Peterson and Kerin, 2007). Retail Tire Marketing Independent tire dealers normally carry brands of several major manufacturers and some discount-priced private label brands. This is to offer buyers a wide range of choices. It is usually more advantageous for manufacturers to have a broad product line to appeal to different customers with different vehicular requirements, and price affordabilities. Sears, for instance, usually carries manufacturer's brand tires and markets their own private-label tires. Most buyers buy from the retail store that they trust, and only a few really know about which tires are best. Most just follow the advice of the storeowners or salespersons that they usually do business with. For these reasons, Goodyear is considering the offer of Sears to retail their Eagle products. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company The principal activity of the company is to develop, manufacture, market, and distribute tires and rubber products. Goodyear has maintained the leading market-share in the U.S. replacement tire market. This is until Michelin acquired Goodrich Tire Company, the second largest U.S. tire manufacturer in late 1990. 83 percent of Goodyear's corporate sales were composed of tire and tire tubes in 1991. Along with this, the company also owns Kelly-Springfield Tire Company, Lee Tire and Rubber Company, and Delta Tire. And in addition, Goodyear also produces private-label tires. 20 to 25 percent of the world's tire manufacturing industry, and in the U.S. tire industry,

Identifying 2 Potential Apps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Identifying 2 Potential Apps - Research Paper Example This will need a group of twelve people to work on the project. This application will execute in advanced phones like those that use operating systems such as android, I Operating systems; windows mobile and HP web OS. This is because it supports portable executive format that is a property of .net framework. They also provide IDE (integrated development environment) and free SDK. This application is coded in advanced programming languages such as html, CSS, JavaScript, C, and C++. Since this application is web based, .net languages are the most suitable. This application queries the school database and gives the feedback via the phone. For this to work the apps must communicate with the server that stores all the information about the students. The school database must be updated regularly so that information send is updated. Other details about the student are also monitored so that the system becomes more user-friendly There two ways in which the app will function. The first one is through the web. In this the application is installed on the phone. To use it, you load the application just like the normal web page in the phone and it will display a form where you enter the student’s details for example the admission number, level of study and name then you submit. This can be made possible by interconnecting the app program with the school website or it can be stand alone. The other methods that the application can work are through the mobile phone features like the SMS and the MMS. For this to work you agree with the network providers in that particular region such that they facilitate the connection. The parent just composes an SMS containing the details of the student and sent to a specific number. Then network provider will query the database using the same app and gives the results to the parent as part of their network services. Andriessen and Matti 65. The applications that

How is the Mechanical Hound a reflection of society in Fahrenheit 451 Essay

How is the Mechanical Hound a reflection of society in Fahrenheit 451 - Essay Example Instead of employing humans to do the job of surveillance on its citizens, the government opted to use a machine that did the same role, but in a more thorough manner as it was emotionless. Basically, the machine was a government watch dog. â€Å"Its like a lesson in ballistics. It has a trajectory we decide for it. It follows through. It targets itself, homes itself, and cuts off. Its only copper wire, storage batteries, and electricity" (Bradbury 23). In addition, the Mechanical hound was basically an oppressive tool in the society depicted in Fahrenheit 451. The machine was used by the government to punish those who attempted to go against it. Mechanical hound had orders to kill any individuals that tried to stand against the laws set by the existing government. It was also more of the depiction of the oppressive state of the given government to the society, â€Å"Come off it. It doesnt like or dislike. It just functions† (Bradbury 23). All in all, Mechanical hound is a sy mbolic representation of government watchdog in the given society in Fahrenheit 451. In addition, it represents a government tool for oppressing the citizens and people who are against the government by killing them (Bradbury 76).

Ethical Dilemma in Admission Criteria for Nursing School Essay

Ethical Dilemma in Admission Criteria for Nursing School - Essay Example This paper stresses that  the dilemma concerning students’ perspective in admission into nursing schools are caused by costs, expected benefits, and the lengthy of the application process. Nursing education requires a variety of technology and equipment for study. These equipments are costly to buy and maintain. As a result, the institutions of nursing are forced to charge high fees to in order to cover the costs of buying learning equipment and paying highly specialized instructors. Students have to decide whether join or avoid the nursing school costs. Avoiding the costs may lead to short-run savings among the students, but they will miss the opportunities of reaping the long-run benefits from the nursing profession. Similarly, decision to join the college may be associated with a lot of sacrifice to meet the fees requirements.  Thiis discussion highlights that  students believe that nursing courses expose them to comparatively higher paying jobs. However, students are also aware pursuing nursing courses requires extensive reading and sacrificing. Interested students may not be able to decide whether to sacrifice their life for future greater benefits or avoid the pain associated with studying and use the time to study less demanding courses while simultaneously doing other income generating activities. Additionally, the process of joining nursing colleges is lengthy and expensive since students have to pass the stipulated preliminary tests.  

How is the Mechanical Hound a reflection of society in Fahrenheit 451 Essay

How is the Mechanical Hound a reflection of society in Fahrenheit 451 - Essay Example Instead of employing humans to do the job of surveillance on its citizens, the government opted to use a machine that did the same role, but in a more thorough manner as it was emotionless. Basically, the machine was a government watch dog. â€Å"Its like a lesson in ballistics. It has a trajectory we decide for it. It follows through. It targets itself, homes itself, and cuts off. Its only copper wire, storage batteries, and electricity" (Bradbury 23). In addition, the Mechanical hound was basically an oppressive tool in the society depicted in Fahrenheit 451. The machine was used by the government to punish those who attempted to go against it. Mechanical hound had orders to kill any individuals that tried to stand against the laws set by the existing government. It was also more of the depiction of the oppressive state of the given government to the society, â€Å"Come off it. It doesnt like or dislike. It just functions† (Bradbury 23). All in all, Mechanical hound is a sy mbolic representation of government watchdog in the given society in Fahrenheit 451. In addition, it represents a government tool for oppressing the citizens and people who are against the government by killing them (Bradbury 76).

Injustices during the progressive Essay Example for Free

Injustices during the progressive Essay During the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were a lot of injustices in the United States. The Progressive Movement, which began in the late 1800s attempted to bring about government reforms and correct injustices in America. One example of the problem in the U.S. was over population of the American cities. More and more people began to move cities from rural areas for jobs. As you can see in Document I, the cities were overcrowded and the infrastructure could not hold up with the influx of people moving to urban areas. The people lived in overcrowded housing developments that were dirty and poor. There was also abuse in industries. This was exposed by Upton Sinclair (Document 2). One of his most well known novels was The Jungle, which showed the abuse in the meat packing industry. He uncovered how the people would take extremely spoiled meat and use it as sausage or put it in to a can. They also used all parts of the meat and even rats were found to be in the meat. By writing this book, Sinclair was able to expose the corruption in the industry of meat packing, and Congress passed the Meat Inspection Act. A position change brought about the declining numbers of children between the ages of ten and fifteen who worked. In Document 3, you can see by the chart that the number of children working decreased by 6.8% from 1890 to 1920. Children were often used as cheap labor and were abused greatly. The government was able to reduce the number of working children under sixteen during this period of time because many states passed children labor laws. Around this time, big businesses came to power. As shown in Document 4, there were many abuses in businesses. The people who ran and formed these industries/trusts/businesses, such as Andrew Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Henry Ford. They acted like the big bosses and held control of much of the U.S. industry. In Document 5, Teddy Roosevelt explained how he felt about how these big businesses (oil, steel, copper, etc.) should be regulated if they are only in it for the money and power. Teddy Roosevelt became known as  a trust-buster because he enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act. During the late 1800s the Progressive Party was formed. They wanted to bring about change in the U.S. One of their main goals included the reforming of industries. In Document 6, their platform is partly shown. Under their platform, they wanted to prevent accidents, diseases acquired on the job, and unemployment. They further wanted to have better health and safety centers, and minimum wage. In 1913, the 17th Amendment was added to the Constitution (Document 7). When the Constitution was first written in 1787, the senators were elected by legislators. In order to make the selection of senators more democratic, the 17th amendment was added. It said that senators would be elected by people from each state, not by the legislature. This is why we now have candidates that campaign for seats in the senates to the people. By adding this amendment to the Constitution, it made the U.S. more democratic. Women suffrage also took place during this time. People like Susan B. Anthony (Document 8) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked and campaigned for women to be allowed to vote. Susan B. Anthony used the preamble of the Constitution to argue her case. She stated that the Constitution said We the people not We the men' She said the Constitution was written for all people, not just men. Her efforts eventually paid off, and the 19th amendment was passed in 1922 allowing women to work. In conclusion there were many injustices in the U.S. from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. The Progressive Movement help to bring about more change as did the government. Teddy Roosevelt tried the limit the abuses of big businesses, and women suffrage was granted, and the meat packing industry was exposed. With each time comes problems but with activists some are changed and reformed. During this time period, there were a lot of injustices and issues, many of which were discovered, addressed, and reformed.

Reflection on self awareness and personal growth

Reflection on self awareness and personal growth The purpose of this essay is for the trainee Counsellor to critically reflect upon, and evaluate, a recorded counselling session which took place on Thursday 2nd April 2009. Within this essay, the trainee Counsellor will evaluate their use of advanced counselling skills and assess the value and usefulness of these skills. In particular, the trainee Counsellor will critically evaluate their own way of being by closely examining their application of the six conditions which are essential to therapeutic change and will focus on: the three attitudes or conditions that a person-centred therapist needs to provide for the client are congruence, empathy, and unconditional positive regard. These attitudes are not presented as a hierarchy. Indeed they are viewed best as a trinity inseparable, essential and mutually independent. An evaluation and reflection of the trainee Counsellors performance will be enhanced by use of the person-centred rating scales. Mearns Thorne (2007) when writing about the rating scales posit that: Discussing these ratings, and the other possible responses the trainee counsellor might have made, could help to expand the trainees repertoire of ways of communicating [her] empathy. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.71) Another way in which the trainee Counsellor has evaluated the way they worked in this session is by closely examining the DVD with the observer who was present during the session and who asked the trainee Counsellor pertinent questions regarding the session. This procedure is known as Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) (Merry, 2006, p.146). Finally, the trainee Counsellor will refer to feedback notes from the observer order to critically evaluate their way of working with the client. The client in this session is a 36 year old married woman who has two children. This session is the trainee Counsellors second session with this client, although the trainee Counsellor is aware that the client has seen another therapist previously, nothing of these other sessions has been divulged by the client. In the first session prior to the client talking about her reasons for wanting to see a therapist, the trainee Counsellor and client worked collaboratively through the contract. This was done with sensitivity as the trainee Counsellor was very aware that he was the first male Counsellor seen by the client and she had already disclosed her anxiety and nervousness about this fact. During the first session, the client talked about a number of different issues, but continually returned to focus on her feelings about a man who had been harassing her both physically and sexually. The client also expressed doubts about her own lack of self-belief and her compulsive organisational an d controlling nature which she felt dominated her life. The trainee Counsellor considered how the client was moving along the Seven Stages Model (Merry, 2006, p.59) and that the client was positioned somewhere between stages 3 and 4, although possibly closer to stage 4 as during the first session the client demonstrated some internal confusion about her feelings and there was a tendency for her to express things in terms of black white, she was however, also able to convey some profound and more meaningful feelings. Merry (2006) describes stages 3 4 as: Clients who first seek therapy are often at this stage and need to be fully accepted as they present themselves before moving deeper into Stage 4. Stage 4 In this stage, clients begin to describe deeper feelings, usually those that happened in the past. (Merry, 2002, p60) At the beginning of the second session the trainee Counsellor checked, by working collaboratively with the client [C1, C3, C5], about the contract in order to confirm with the client that she was happy with and understood everything discussed in the first session. The client confirmed [CL6] that she was fine to continue. The trainee Counsellor then proceeded to set the boundaries [C1, C7] for the counselling session. Boundaries are an extremely important element of the therapeutic process as they make the client aware of what the trainee Counsellor is offering them. The trainee Counsellor, by being open about the type of counselling they offer, by setting time limitations and by reassuring the client, clearly sets the scene for a healthy, professional and mutually beneficial relationship. Mearns Thorne (2007) when discussing boundaries suggest that: It is important both at this early stage and as counselling proceeds that the counsellor monitors continually what [she] is prepared to offer to the client, and what lies outside the boundaries of [her] commitment. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.53) The trainee Counsellor, when discussing the boundaries and when checking with the client about the previous session and the clients understanding displayed a deep level of Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) [rating 4.0] [C1, C7]. At [CL8] the client begins to talk about a man who is heavily impacting on her life at the moment. The trainee Counsellor [C9] reflects the clients words back to her, but paraphrased and in a manner which questions the clients feelings. At [CL10] the client is interrupted by a loud noise from an adjoining room and the trainee Counsellor, because of the psychological connection with the client and his level of congruence [rating 5.0] responds with a degree of immediacy [C11] which is positively acknowledged by the client. At [CL12] the client expresses anger and frustration at herself. The trainee Counsellor [C13] is at this point offering the client UPR [rating 4.0] and a deep level of empathy [rating 4.5 5.0] and acknowledges the clients anger by reflecting and challenging the clients feelings about being trapped [C15] and angry. The client [CL14] agrees with the reflection and at [CL16] questions herself about what it is that she is actually angry and frustrated about. The trainee Counsellor remembers key details about the client which were disclosed in the first session and following the clients comments at [CL16] makes some gentle and refined queries [C19, C23, C25]. These challenges are accepted by the client, positively and with real emotion. The strength of the response identifies the level of relational depth that the trainee Counsellor and client have formed. At this point [C25, C27, C29] the Counsellors empathy [rating 5.0], congruence [rating 5.0] and UPR [rating 5.0] are clearly visible to the client and such a deep level of mutuality is present that previously unrecognised feelings which were just outside of the clients consciousness become visible and the client achieves a moment of comprehension and awareness [CL30]. Rogers (2004) describes this as: the letting of material come into awareness, without any attempt to own it as part of the self, or to relate it to other material held in consciousness. (Rogers, 2004, p.78) There is a visible shift in the client at this point and the trainee Counsellor, because of the level of his empathy [rating 4.5] is aware of the internal confusion and struggle that the client is undergoing. [C29, C31] At [C33] by expressing his confusion to the client, the trainee Counsellor displayed a deep level of congruence [rating 5.0] and this openness and genuine attitude assisted the client who moved on to explore her own feelings and reactions to what she had said at [CL30, CL32]. The trainee Counsellor [C35, C37, C39] reflects some of the clients thoughts back to her. During this period of interaction, the trainee Counsellor takes the opportunity to make some gentle challenges which cause the client to question her thought process. At [CL50] the client questions the trainee Counsellor, and it appears as if she is looking for some kind of affirmation that what she is saying makes sense. The trainee Counsellor [C51] makes it clear to the client that what she has said makes perfect sense to him, and this could easily be construed as some form of collusion, however in this case it is more of a corroboration to demonstrate the trainee Counsellors empathic understanding [rating 4.5 5.0] and a s a form of encouragement to the client to continue. The interactions at [CL50, C51] clearly display the trainee Counsellor and the client sharing the same frame of reference, being in the same place at the same time. Worsley (2002) suggests that: The greater the spontaneous-type content of the frame of reference, the more proper it is to call any therapist response process-orientated, because the therapist will be engaging empathically with the whole organism who is the client, and not just the reflexive, conscious elements. (Worsley, 2002, p.40) The trainee Counsellor, at interactions [C53, C81, C92] makes use of challenges which could be construed as directive questions, however, with the use of IPR and a deeper analysis of the recorded session, it is apparent that the trainee Counsellor was not directing the client, but was using thought-provoking words to stimulate the clients process. The trainee Counsellor used his UPR [rating 5.0] and empathy [rating 4.5 5.0] to identify with the clients goals whilst at the same time valuing and respecting the client at the deepest level and at the same time being his own person, being congruent [rating 4.0 5.0] and honest with his own feelings so that the client is aware that she is valued and prized and that the trainee Counsellor is not hiding anything of himself from her. At interactions [C81, C98] the trainee Counsellor takes the opportunity to query the clients incongruence and the clients responses [CL82, CL83, CL85, CL99] clearly suggest that she was not being truly honest with herself. Rogers hypothesises that if the client: becomes more self-aware, more self-acceptant, less defensive and more open, [he] finds that [he] is at last free to change and grow in the directions natural to the human organism. (Rogers, 2004, p.64) There is a point in the counselling session [CL109] where the trainee Counsellor senses a shift and a visible change in the client. The client starts to question her own behaviour and self, and in doing so realises how important some of the issues discussed in the session are to her. Rogers (1980) suggests that: To perceive a new aspect of oneself is the first step toward changing the concept of oneself. The new element is, in an understanding atmosphere, owned and assimilated into a now altered self-concept. (Rogers, 1980, p.155) The trainee Counsellor, through several interactions [C112 to C134] briefly sums up the session so far, recapping the salient points of the session. This is done collaboratively with the client, continually checking that the client is in agreement with what the trainee Counsellor is reviewing. By working in this manner, the trainee Counsellor is adhering to the ethical principles recommended by the BACP and is ensuring that he is working in an anti-oppressive way. Within this review of the counselling session, the trainee Counsellor considered different parts of the clients self. Mearns Thorne (2007) refer to these different parts as configurations of self and suggest that: a configuration is a developed self-within-a-self that can contain a wide array of elements a set of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that together represent an important dimension of the persons existence. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.34) An analysis of the clients various dimensions gave the trainee Counsellor the opportunity [C124, C126, C134, C136] to sensitively challenge those different parts which in turn triggered a reflective process in the client. The relational depth between the trainee Counsellor and client at this point was extremely good with both client and trainee Counsellor aware of their own feelings and expressing the genuine and authentic person to each other. Nothing was hidden and there was a real connectedness between both people in the counselling session. If both the trainee Counsellor and the client can be genuine in the relationship, the more helpful it will be. (Rogers, 2004, p.33) The trainee Counsellor is a student member of the British Association for Counselling Psychotherapy (BACP), and as such is fully aware of the importance of adhering to the elements within the BACPs Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy (BACP, 2007) which discuss the provision of maintaining a good standard of practice and care (BACP, 2007, p.5). The trainee Counsellor fully believes that: Regularly monitoring and reviewing ones work is essential to maintaining good practice. It is important to be open to, and conscientious in considering, feedback from colleagues, appraisals and assessments. (BACP, 2007, p.5) IPR of the session reinforced the trainee Counsellors original observations and feelings about the client as the session drew to a close. It was apparent that from interactions [CL150 CL156] that the client was in a deep state of process. The trainee Counsellors level of empathy [rating 5.0] and the relationship which had developed between client and trainee Counsellor was such that at interaction [C157] the trainee Counsellor made the decision to end the counselling session a couple of minutes early. This was checked with the client to ensure that she was happy to do this, and the expression on her face confirmed that the trainee Counsellors choice was the correct one. The client had, at this point, moved on and was clearly trying to figure out what was going on in her head. Rogers (2004) outlines a clients process by suggesting that: Clients seem to move toward more openly being a process, a fluidity, a changing. They are not disturbed to find that they are not the same from day to day, that they do not always hold the same feelings toward a given experience or person, that they are not always consistent. (Rogers, 2004, p.171) The clients progress in this session was, for the trainee Counsellor, quite a revelation. The trainee Counsellor by focusing, using a felt sense (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.79) [C29] touches on the clients unknown feelings and attends with deep empathy [rating 4.5 5.0] congruence [rating 4.5] and UPR [rating 4.5 5.0] to the client. It was the trainee Counsellors first real experience of witnessing a clients self-realisation [CL30] to something that was at the edge of their awareness but which they had previously ignored or dismissed. A change came over the client [CL30] and their honesty and openness became much more expressive. At this moment the relationship between the trainee Counsellor and client became much closer. Feedback from this session was received from a third party observer, who took notes to assist the trainee Counsellor in their evaluation of this session. The comments suggested that the trainee Counsellors congruence, empathy and use of UPR were obvious and perceived by the observer to be at a deep level. The observer suggested that on occasion, in her opinion, the client / trainee Counsellor relationship seemed almost friendly. From a learning and professional perspective and having reviewed the recording several times, the trainee Counsellor can see how some of the session might have been experienced from an observational point of view, but within the counselling relationship the two participants were experiencing each other and absorbed deeply in the counselling relationship. This is characterised by their ability to share a moment of levity [CL36, C37], followed by the client moving flawlessly back into her train of thought and process. From the trainee Counsellors perspective, several key points were noticed. Firstly, there were a couple of areas [C19, C39] where the session could have gone in different directions. As a trainee, the choice of language, the correct use of handle-words and the on-the-spot decision making is difficult to practice as every client is unique and individual, and every client will bring a different range of issues to the session. Secondly, the trainee Counsellor considered their use of questions in the session. There is no doubt that there will be some criticism of the way in which the trainee Counsellor phrased some interactions to the client, but there is a firm belief that none of the questions were deliberately directive and the session flowed well, with the relationship between client and trainee Counsellor relaxed, natural and open. Finally, the trainee Counsellor was real and authentic and it is clear that the client experienced this realness in the relationship. A major learning experience taken from this session is that of experience. There were three significant moments in the session, the first at interaction [CL30] where the client achieved self-realisation about the way she had been behaving, the second was at interactions [C61, CL62] where the client acknowledges her participation in what she refers to as a game in which she chooses whether or not to play, and the third is at interaction [CL91] where the client starts to question the relationship she has with her husband with regards to her issue of control. As a learning outcome, these moments were invaluable as they provided the trainee Counsellor with experiences not previously encountered. The trainee Counsellor, in evaluating this counselling session, has already discussed and evaluated three of the conditions from the six necessary for therapeutic change: the trainee counsellors empathic understanding of the clients world; congruence on the part of the trainee Counsellor and the trainee Counsellors UPR towards the client. The remaining three conditions, although not mentioned specifically have also been present during this session. The first, that two people are in psychological contact, is demonstrated throughout the session by the dialogue that the client and trainee Counsellor maintained, thus forming a meaningful relationship. The second condition is that the client is in an anxious or vulnerable state, in other words is in a state of incongruence and this condition is openly displayed by the client throughout the session and no more so that at interaction [CL8] where the client admits to being stuck and confused. The third and final of the remaining six conditio ns is: The communication to the client of the counsellors empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. (Merry, 2006, p.49) The trainee Counsellor, in evaluating this session, has visibly exhibited his UPR [rating 4.5 5.0] and empathic understanding [rating 4.5] of the clients inner world [C61, C86] and in doing so helped to facilitate a safe and constructive environment for the client. This was a significant session for the client as the trainee Counsellor believes there has been a major movement along the seven stages of process and that the client at times during the session made the transition into stage 5. There was obviously some vacillation between stage four and five and the trainee Counsellor, although identifying the shift in the client [CL30, CL109] made no attempt to move them onto stage five, but rather left the client to find their own path, knowing that she would move forward when it was right for her to do so. The trainee Counsellor was himself, the client was herself. There were no facades, no hidden agendas, just two people experiencing a deep understanding of each other. Rogers (2004), when talking about this kind of relationship, posits: acceptance of each fluctuating aspect of this other person makes it for [him] a relationship of warmth and safety, and the safety of being liked and prized as a person seems a highly important element in a helping relationship. (Rogers, 2004, p.34) The relational depth achieved by the client and trainee Counsellor is clearly evident throughout many parts of the session. A particularly powerful moment is at interaction [CL109] where the client questions her own values and the clients body language and the timbre of her voice expose her feelings. Mearns Thorne (2007) suggest that: At times such as these, understanding between client and counsellor exists at many levels, as does acceptance. The outcome is a profound sense of sharing. (Mearns Thorne, 2007, p.191)

My Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy on Education Statement Teaching Essays

Philosophy on Education In the beginning there were students. the students learned what they were to do and what not to do. It continued on and on and still to this day we have students who are told what to do and not to do. They are told how to act, how to make decisions on their own, and how to make something of themselves. The student is taught that they need to learn so that they know more and to survive in today's society because most everyone today needs a good education. The student is taught in ways they will learn. They should also have a curriculum to follow to become the individual they were born to be; to make up their own minds and not to be persuaded to have the same ideas and thoughts as someone else. A student is one who learns. But how does the student learn? A student is a person who has their own mind their own thoughts they are an individual. A student explores their mind finding out what they want in life. They do so by experiencing things like the Pragmatist and Progressivist say. The student is also sometime influenced by a leader; they follow their parent's morals and standards when they are young and then some follow their friend's attitudes, feelings, or even actions as discussed by Rousseau in Emile. One's friends can cause the student to do things or act ways their parents could or could not have taught them to do or act. Some students on the other hand learn to be the leader. The ones who lead their friends end up doing what they want and the friends follow. The followers learn from experience most likely taught by their parents. A example of this is: Say one little girl is taught to play basketball then she thinks it would e a very good thing to show her friends to play also letting them feel the experience and allowing her friends to choose if they like it as much as she does. The little girl then has allowed her friends to decide if they will keep playing or quit because they don't like it. The followers will choose what they think is best for them.

Medieval Ballads and Lyrics :: essays research papers fc

Recently, the term ‘ballad’ can be associated with everything from Solomon’s Song to an Aerosmith song. The dictionary defines it as a traditional story in song or a simple song. However, the medieval ballad is something of a different nature than that of the popular musical ballads of today. The definition of ballad in the medieval context is a narrative poem. The authors usually remain anonymous and the ballad is more often than not accompanied by dance (Gummere). This is not surprising considering the word ‘ballad’ comes from the Latin word ‘ballare,’ meaning ‘to dance’ (Dixon). Almost all ballads follow the same distinct criteria. They are all performed by a minstrel or troubadour complemented by music and are normally performed for an audience. All ballads tell a story with major themes of revenge, envy, betrayal, loyalty, and superstition, although they may touch on other subjects. These stories only focus on one major event and can be about the dramatic events of heroes or every day people. Though the bulk of the stories begin in the middle of an event, there is very little background information given (Knight). Characters rarely show any development and most stories lack detail. It is also important to know that there are there are three types of ballads: traditional ballads, broadside ballads and literary ballads (Dixon). Traditional ballads originated from ‘folk tales’ or other anecdotes told by peasants in England. These were most commonly passed by oral tradition. The broadside ballad is the traditional ballad’s cousin in many ways. These ballads were more common in urban or city like areas in the 16th century and were more likely to be printed and handed out instead of performed. The literary ballad is a combination of both the traditional and broadside types. These ballads appeared in the 18th century when ballads began to be published (Gummere). Medieval ballads, of course, are in the category of traditional ballads. When studying medieval ballads, it is important to remember that the entertainment in the medieval period did not include television or computers. Medieval ballads were very lengthy to capture people’s attention for long periods of time. This is how the stories were passed from one generation to the next. The passing of ballads orally was the most popular. Francis James Child was the first to put together a collection of over 300 ballads (Child). The only ballads that can be traced are those, which have been written. Medieval Ballads and Lyrics :: essays research papers fc Recently, the term ‘ballad’ can be associated with everything from Solomon’s Song to an Aerosmith song. The dictionary defines it as a traditional story in song or a simple song. However, the medieval ballad is something of a different nature than that of the popular musical ballads of today. The definition of ballad in the medieval context is a narrative poem. The authors usually remain anonymous and the ballad is more often than not accompanied by dance (Gummere). This is not surprising considering the word ‘ballad’ comes from the Latin word ‘ballare,’ meaning ‘to dance’ (Dixon). Almost all ballads follow the same distinct criteria. They are all performed by a minstrel or troubadour complemented by music and are normally performed for an audience. All ballads tell a story with major themes of revenge, envy, betrayal, loyalty, and superstition, although they may touch on other subjects. These stories only focus on one major event and can be about the dramatic events of heroes or every day people. Though the bulk of the stories begin in the middle of an event, there is very little background information given (Knight). Characters rarely show any development and most stories lack detail. It is also important to know that there are there are three types of ballads: traditional ballads, broadside ballads and literary ballads (Dixon). Traditional ballads originated from ‘folk tales’ or other anecdotes told by peasants in England. These were most commonly passed by oral tradition. The broadside ballad is the traditional ballad’s cousin in many ways. These ballads were more common in urban or city like areas in the 16th century and were more likely to be printed and handed out instead of performed. The literary ballad is a combination of both the traditional and broadside types. These ballads appeared in the 18th century when ballads began to be published (Gummere). Medieval ballads, of course, are in the category of traditional ballads. When studying medieval ballads, it is important to remember that the entertainment in the medieval period did not include television or computers. Medieval ballads were very lengthy to capture people’s attention for long periods of time. This is how the stories were passed from one generation to the next. The passing of ballads orally was the most popular. Francis James Child was the first to put together a collection of over 300 ballads (Child). The only ballads that can be traced are those, which have been written.

Role of Student in Making of Pakistan

Pakistan — an ideological state: Pakistan claims itself to lay an ideological state because it is founded on a certain specific ideology-the ideology of Islam. It came into being because Muslims of the Indo-Pak subcontinent developed a specific attitude of mind-and attitude which was determined by the consciousness of certain principles or objectives which they felt must be realized. These were the eternal spiritual and ethical values of Islam. Islam gives ethical bases of life to the Muslim nation. To them Islam is more than a religion as considered in the western sense.It is in fact a complete code of life which embraces social, political, economic and cultural aspects of human behaviors. Ideology of Pakistan: The ideology of Pakistan, the overwhelming Muslim country is ideology which comprises the dictates and sanctions which are attributed or prone to the Islamic concept of nation and that of state. i) Muslim nationhood: As regards the Muslims, their basis of nationhood is neither geographical boundaries nor social or linguistic similarities but their religion-Islam. All Muslims are a nation without any distinction.This is the first principle of Pakistan ideology on which Quaid-i-Azam demanded a separate homeland for the Muslims of the subcontinent. To Pakistan, Islam is the basis of ‘Nationalism’. II) Islamic state: The ideology of Pakistan is based on the principles and ideals of Islam. Islam is the ideal for which Muslims struggled and on which the ideals on the newly born nation were based. III) Ancient ideology: Ideology of Pakistan- the Islamic way of life is not something life a manifesto that Pakistanis adopted in the morrows of their freedom. On the country, it is as old as Islam itself.Indeed Indo-Pakistani Muslim emerged as a new nation because they had stood fast to this ideology. They founded a new state because they had described to enthrone the values underlying this ideology without being checked by the domination of othe r conflicting values. It has been sufficiently warranted by the historical facts that not withstanding a thousand years of co-existence of the two communities-the Hindus and the Muslims, in the Indian subcontinent, they could not become harmonic, cohesive, was the expediency which was based on regionality.But this regionality could not become effective since the Muslim community is totally different from the Hindu society having its own moods and methods, names and nomenclature legends and heroes, language and literature, this concept of co-existence between them even at the regional levels could not prove a success. Thus they started their struggle for a separate homeland on the basis of Islamic ideology.

Davidoff Cool Water Marketing Assignment

1.1 Current ProductDavidoff Cool Water 100ml is iconic silver and blue bottle with the soft figure of a feminine body and it flawlessly seizes the essence of natural beauty and the freshness of Cool Water, which is very suitable for the sensual woman. This exhilarating cologne perfectly combines the moist fragrances of citrus, pineapple and blackcurrant with the refreshing odor of ocean air. The benefits of the perfume is it can last for the whole day when applied on the skin during the morning and it is free from chemicals so the perfume can be worn securely. It is also very suitable to wear the fragrance to the office for a sensation of self-confidence or for cheerful enjoyment during stress-free weekends at home. When buyers purchase the product online, some websites offer free shipping’s and discount if consumers buy from their online shop.If purchasers buy at the retail shops, they usually receive some free perfume samples of other kinds of Davidoff cologne. Davidoff†™s company is now producing not only perfumes but also body lotions; deodorants, body sprays, shower gels and they also introduce perfumes not just for women but also for men. Women usually use the product because this Davidoff Cool Water 100ml is specially formulated for women only so most  female buyers usually buy this product to satisfy their needs. Buyers usually do research before obtaining this product by looking up on the internet or get reviews from people who have used this product previously, they would spend quite a long time looking for the product.There are two substitutes products, Davidoff sensual essence and sea rose Cool Water which is also for women, they would accept the product since most of the elements used in the fragrances are not much different. The first aroma was launched in 1984, the brand has become one of the most widespread perfume brands and it has been a worldwide bestseller for over 20 years. Cool Water is different from others because wearers usually explain that these faience’s make them feel like they have just marched out of an exhilarating bath or aroused from a long swim in the ocean. Cool Water derives in a rectangular semi metallic blue tall box and for label Davidoff is above the scent title: Cool Water.1.2 Current PricingDavidoff Cool Water is in a competitive market situation and the product is also a value determiner because many customers and retailers offer a wide variety of prices. Suppliers distinguish their proposals because there are many online shops proposing at different prices and many retail shops selling at extraordinary amounts to gain consumers attention. When consumers buy more or less of a Davidoff Cool Water, if the price increases then the quantity decreases a large number and vice versa. A rise or fall in price will not drastically affect the increase in price of demand and then the quantity reduces down slightly and vice versa.Business costs play a very vital role in defining the pri ce because they have to validate that they are making sure that they are giving the consumer the best price for them to be able to cover their production cost and make some profit out of it, so that they would be able to produce more products without facing any problems like shortage of money to manufacture more perfumes or other products. The current price is usually about the same as the competitors by setting the price not lower or higher than their opponents offer price so that the consumers would see the less difference in price and purchase from the shop that they would like it buy from. Some consumers purchase the product based on the pricing and some based on the product image, features and quality.The behaviors of consumers are based on many different purposes such as individual, emotional, communal and situational and when they purchase more often they become loyal customers. Most of the female consumers do not really care about the price of the product but what they mainl y focus on is the luxury brand that will offer more individuality, rank and hedonic value than non-luxury trademarks so those types of buyers are willing to pay at any amount to get the product that they want. On the other hand, there are some people who will only buy the creation if the product has high quality, unique features and presentable image because those types of consumers believe that the price that they pay should be worth giving for it.1.3 Current DistributionShoppers cannot purchase the produce straightforwardly from the industry that create it because on their official website they do not sell products but they only distribute their products to stores located in many different countries and cities which allows the buyers to have more chances of buying their product from stores near their places. In Singapore, Consumers can purchase this produce at Isetan, Tang plaza, Metro Paragon and Takashimaya shopping malls that are all located at Orchard Road. Isetan has many bra nches in Singapore but only Isetan Orchard sell Davidoff Cool Water.Isetan is located at 435 Orchard Road, Wisma Atria, and Singapore 238877. Customers can travel there by bus, train or car since it is situated in the center of the city, buyers can go there conveniently. The shopping mall is one of the most popular in the city-state because of its massive varieties, reasonable prices and good services. Within Wisma Atria, the store carries many types of popular brands like Calvin Klein, , Polo, BVLGARI,DKNY and many more which attracts the customers to visit their mall.Tang plaza is also located at Orchard road, which is not very far away from Isetan; just about 3 minutes drive from Isetan. Tang is famous not just because of their wide array of shopping objects for home but their innovative window displays. It also has many different types of stylish goods and services. The department store also provides a huge number of apparels for both men and women. Tangs plaza is very appropria te for everyone in the household and with the extensive operating hours until 11pm on Fridays and Saturday, where  all consumers can shop for longer hours. Characteristics of product that influence its distribution include distributors, wholesaler, jobbers and brokers. The main reason is for all socials to defend their own best benefits in the channel.The main factor when it comes to impelling its distribution is the way the product is gained by shoppers. For instance, perfume buyers usually want to try and know the odor of fragrance first before purchasing them, which means distribution is going to have to involve perfume testers for them to analyze it before buying the product. Many products are best retailed with the help of a live demo, so the distribution strategy will have to include some ways of conducting these demonstrations.1.4 Current PromotionTakashimaya is having a promotion for this August for National Day, which includes the store that sells Davidoff Cool Water. It is 20% off for any purchase of any items in the store so, which is a great bargain for all the shoppers in the country. Another recent promotions is the website www.singaporebestsite.com is having a series promotion which worth S$98 but they offer S$49 only if the product is redeem between August and September 2013. The product must purchase online in between the redemption period and send their product at via registered mail after a few weeks by giving them a call or dropping an email. These promotions advertisement are all over the Internet and also in some of the newspapers and magazine where people can easily find out about their special offers.Both promotions are sending the same message to consumers by letting them know that they are offering the best price for them and the difference between these two promotions would be that the consumers have to travel to Takashimaya to buy the product while the other one offers home delivery without having the buyers to travel to their pla ce. However, both promotions are both advertising through newspapers and magazine based on the massive audience coverage and high production quality. They also advertise by digital marketing because it is directed to a particular target market and also clear positioning. The current theme of the promotion is to make sure that their product fits in with a lifestyle and showing the consumers that whether it constructs an atmosphere or aura around the produce such as attraction, affection or  tranquility and that their product is for everyone all over the world.The business is trying to get as much as attention from the consumers so that they would buy more of their product in the future when there is no promotion period. By also giving them a piece of mind about how good their product is compare with other goods at a lower price. The sales are mainly for women because women tend to get attach with the product they like more than men. There are push and pull strategies in the busines s world, the push method is to go after the negotiators who push the regulars by offering bonuses and the pull approach is to emphasize communication on end consumer so they demand the product from the intermediary. 2.1 Definition of the brand positioningPositioning owns a part of consumer’s awareness and it is not what you organize to the product, it is what you perform to the mind of the viewpoint. Brand positioning is to position a product/service in the minds of shoppers compare to their challengers. It is one of the most significant steps any business can take on the road to the accomplishment. For small businesses, their motivation for the effort itself is usually little because they would rather be managing to the hundreds of other duties asking for their attention. It also brings to light the capability of the goods or services by showing the alternative paths and also reveal new opportunities.Brand positioning distinctly defines the crucial things such as regulating originality by making sure the product is more unique than other products, determining the unique position in the indicated market, classifying competitors because strong and fierce competitors have esteemed power and defining the necessary financial plan to enter the market because it is favorably suggested to pair up with a brand professional or graphic designer who truly comprehends labeling.2.2 Brand positioning in relation to the brand/productCapabilities of the brand are that the brand is very different from others based on the smell, price, packaging and labeling. It is very well performs by helping the users to last the scent for whole long day, the quality of the fragrance is very high because it was first introduced in the year 1988,  which is almost 25 years since it was released so it already gained consumers attentions since then so the performance standards of this product is high. The customers like the product due to the fact that it gives you the feeling of cool w ater when they apply on their skin, which helps them to be free from stress and for relaxation. Davidoff products are one of the top brands in the world so when people uses this product they feel proud and have more confident in the crowd so the customers purchase this product to stand out in the crowd. Customers want them to be seen as people who are rich enough to spend their money to buy the branded products and give others a message that they are rich.3.1 Geographic SegmentationSingapore has a climate, which is categorized by constant temperature and pressure of high humidity and plentiful rainfall. In single month rain is experienced but there is no wet or dry season and the weather is always sunny. Due to the hot climate, people residing in Singapore need perfume that will help them cool down and also refresh them and Davidoff Cool Water can help them by giving them a good start by applying it on the skin in the morning when they go out. Singapore’s population was appro ximately around 5,312.4 thousands in 2012 where there are more female residents than men. It is an obvious statement that women go shopping than men so which means the product is suitable for people living in this country. Singapore is also considered as one of the most developing countries in Asia, so most of the people inhabiting in this country can easily afford to buy a bottle of perfume at a reasonable price.3.2 Demographic SegmentationIn the year 2012, The percentage of working adults in Singapore are 50%, which means those people can make more income then teenagers and senior citizens and when it comes to Literacy and education, the percentage of university graduates is 45.9% in 2011 and the total employment in December 2012 is 3,357.6 thousands. Each and every working adults are almost earning average household yearly income of approximately about S$9,618, which is a  huge amount of income compared with people working in other countries like Myanmar, Thailand and Cambodia and so on.People working in Singapore are very serious and particular about their work so they are very keen to earn money and that is why their country is developing more and more. In Singapore, not just Singaporeans reside in this country but also other ethnic groups also reside in the country such a Chinese, Malays, Indians are others including people from western countries like America, Russia, Switzerland and many more but the majority are the Chinese people so with the amount of money that working adults earned each year they can buy Davidoff Cool Water undoubtedly.3.3 Psychographic SegmentationThe routine, daily behaviors, relevance and ideas on various matters create the characteristic of each group. Lifestyle of people in Singapore are mostly stressed out depending on what age they are. For example, teenagers are worried about with their schoolwork while working adults are strained about their job and the senior citizens are agitated with the living cost in Singapore. In or der for them to cool down and refresh their min Davidoff Cool Water would be very suitable for them.There are altogether 10 segments in Ryan Morgan Values Segment. Basic Needs, Real Conservatism, Traditional Family Life, Conventional Family Life, Young Optimism and Socially Aware represents customers’ price opportunities, desirability to origination and perceived permissiveness. VALS classification states that trendsetters have high assets and high invention while survivors have low supplies and invention. The primary motivations include Ideals such as intellectuals and supporters, Achievement such as highfliers and seekers and Self-Expression such as experiencers and creators.3.4 Behavioral SegmentationBased on newspapers and magazine, people living in Singapore could afford to spend enough amount of money to purchase one or even more bottles of Davidoff Cool Water with their income. The benefits that customers usually expect are the odor of the smell, quality, brand and pri ce of the product.Majority of the woman prefers the good smell of the perfume so that they could feel confident in the crowd after wearing it. When it comes to loyalty people in Singapore are believers they are mostly family and community oriented people who also makes them loyal to their brand so after they started using the fragrance and if they like it, they become loyal to the product. People residing in Singapore not just in the country but also for everyone, price is very sensitive to them, they will search for the stores that offer the lowest price of the product that they would like to purchase so they usually buy products during the period of promotions and sales.