How Can A Suggestion Essay Sample Help You?

How Can A Suggestion Essay Sample Help You?The recommendation essay sample is also known as recommendation essay. It contains the key thoughts of the reader in the style of an essay. The essay is a source of guidance and should be carefully analyzed and written for the benefit of the readers. There are three basic types of the recommendation essay sample.Recommendation essay samples is usually used by a teacher or a lecturer to teach a class. The teacher may consider this as an instructional guide for students. This is a writing sample used by writers who are involved in the writing and editing of books and other publications. Although this essay is written for teachers, it can be applied to any kind of writing and is a great help for writers and editors who need some help.This essay is also known as thesis and introduction essay. This is not like an academic paper or a report. This is just a short essay written to give an overview about the topic. This is a writing sample used by jo urnalists to report on certain topics. Journalists write using specific words in their articles to attract readers and make them interested in what they have to report.This is not a formal essay but simply an introduction to a thesis. A thesis usually has an outline that describes the topic to be written about. As the name implies, a suggestion essay sample is used to give details on what the reader needs to know before starting to write. This is a great form of a review for a person who needs to get a fast response to a query.This is not a recommendation essay sample but it is a short reading through the subject. This is the great means to gain information about a topic before beginning to write the topic. This is also a good way to find out what your readers want to know. This is also a teaching sample used by teachers who want to create a history for their subject. There are many forms of the suggestion essay sample that has been used in schools and colleges.A thesis can be compa rative information paper or a research paper. These samples are basically similar to a thesis but with extra information that the teacher can use to help his students. This is a great writing sample to get information on a topic. This is a great idea if you are trying to get good feedback from your students.Writing is very important but writing skills can also be improved. There are many forms of the recommendation essay sample that can be used by writers and students. This can be used in both academic and non-academic situations. This writing sample is a great idea to improve writing skills and vocabulary.

Match Fixing free essay sample

Match fixing in Pakistan Match fixing has been a curse to the game of cricket since the time the game was invented. Pakistan is one of those countries, which has been accused of match fixing more than any other country has ever been accused of. The first major accusation came under the Justice Qayum report according to which various Pakistani cricketing stars were involved in fixing matches, these included Wasim Akram, Waqaq Younis, Inzimam-ul-Haq, Mushtaq Ahmed and various others. The Justice Qayum report offered various penalties for the accused but his recommendations for penalizing the cricketers for their gruesome act were totally shunned. The biggest and the most controversial match fixing case that Pakistan cricket ever suffered from was the spot fixing controversy of 2010 in which three famous cricketer were allegedly involved in fixing no balls at certain periods of the game. It was the summer of 2010 when Pakistan cricket team toured England. We will write a custom essay sample on Match Fixing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The historic and the king of all cricket grounds Lords was the place where the most shameful incident ever recorded in the history of the game took place. It was the 4th day of the test match between Pakistan and England that news of spot fixing broke on the media. A sting operation carried out by Mazhar Mehmood of Englands News of the World magazine revealed the mischief done by the Pakistani cricketers. The star trio of Pakistan cricket team including the test captain Salman Butt, the experienced master of swing Muhammad Asif and the new bowling sensation of the world Mohammad Amir were caught being involved in spot fixing. There was uproar in the international arena after this incident as people started questioning the authenticity of the game. The players took money from Mazhar Majeed for bowling preplanned no balls at certain time periods of the game. There were hidden camera videos aired on television recording this cruel act of fixing. The players alleged for being involved in spot fixing were handed punishing bans by the International Cricket Council. The captain Salman Butt was handed a ban of 10 years, Muhammad Asif a ban of 7 years while the youngster for being naive was handed only a 5 year ban from the game of cricket. Their punishment for this totally unacceptable act did not finish just here. They faced criminal prosecution after the Crown Court determined there was evidence available for the players to be trialed. After several months Mohammad Amir accepted his crime while Mohammad Asif and Salman Butt chose to defend themselves in court. However after the trial was complete they were proved to be guilty. This day marked the darkest day for Pakistans cricket as the three Pakistani players were sentenced to imprisonment for varying periods. Mohammad Amir for accepting his crime was awarded a lesser punishment which was 6 months in a young offenders jail while Mohammad Asif was sentenced for a years imprisonment. Salman Butt was handed the cruelest punishment of 30 months of imprisonment as he was leading the clan. With the disgrace events such as match fixing and spot fixing have bought to Pakistan, the cricketing board needs to get strict and teach its players discipline at the grass root level so they do not head towards earning money the wrong way and play the game fairly as it ought to be played. Match Fixing free essay sample Cricket, a gentleman’s game is shrouded in shame. Like a virus betting and match-fixing have seeped into crickets’ bloodstream to the point where the essence of cricket has been shattered. The foundation of cricket is its credibility and it is shaking like a leaf in a sudden storm. We ask again and again-where did talent end and the fix began? In organized  sports,  match fixing,  race fixing  or  sports fixing  occurs as a match is played to a completely or partially pre-determined result, violating the rules of the game and often the law. Match-fixing generally refers to fixing the final result of the game. The major motivations behind match fixing are gambling and future team advantage. Why cricketers would sell their reputations, their careers, their team, their country is one of them? We ought to assume answers that Cricketers are also like us-the common man and greed is a basic human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Match Fixing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is no full stop to greed and this greed applies to every race, creed and color. Or it is because the players careers are being so threatened by the increasing number of manipulations that they are tempted to make some extra money at the cost of morality, to lay aside for the future? But†¦.. Unfortunately, Cricketing administration has slept in the hope that like a bad dream match fixing will come to an end with the batting of eyelid. The fine imposed on the cricketers was too mild a penalty for information of that magnitude†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ One of the recommendations suggested by the ICC code of Conduct Commission must be â€Å"an obligation on the part of the players to report to the team manager or captain any approach made to them by bookmakers or knowledge of such approach to any other player† with the corollary that â€Å"failure to make such a report be made a punishable offence†. It is for the players to help keep their sport unblemished, for a tainted game means even the honest will be under scrutiny. The villain of piece is none else but macabre money, the glory glitter of which has blinded many an upright player to fall into the trap. The gentlemans game has fallen into the horrendous hands of bookie; for whom cricket should no longer be decided on the batting pitch, but in the betting back room of some five star hotel.. Before it is too late to mend the matters, the cricket boards and others in the cricket playing countries should see to it that the unscrupulous bookies match fixers do not consume the cricket culture. Besides betting, some very reputed players have confessed to being paid for providing information to a bookie about the pitch and the weather, conclusively indicating that the rot has run deep. Everything may be fair in love and wars but as far as morality over money, excellence over expediency and commitment over compromise in strict adherence to sportsmanship and healthy competition are concerned, no laxity or apathy can be allowed to run down the long established practices and precedents. The cricketing boards, whose sole interest now seems to be to make as much money as possible, should concentrate on ascertaining why such degeneration has taken place. It is only because of the excessive money that flows into the game? With the disgrace events such as match fixing and spot fixing have bought to the country, the cricket board needs to get strict and teach its players discipline at the grass root level so they do not head towards earning money the wrong way and play the game fairly as it ought to be played.

Edgar Allan Poes Work Essays - The Cask Of Amontillado, Free Essays

Edgar Allan Poe's Work Essays - The Cask Of Amontillado, Free Essays Edgar Allan Poe's Work Edgar Allan Poe's work is known throughout the world. He was born in 1809 in Boston. When Poe was still an infant his father left him and then his mother died. Poe was adopted by Jon Allan. Then Edgar Allan Poe was Educated in Europe. Poe attendant college for while, but Jon Allan stopped Paying for his college education because Poe had to many gambling depts. Then Poe joined to the army in 1827 he wasn't successful in the army though. Then Poe moved back to the United States and wrote stories in Baltimore. Poe was married to Virginia in 1836. Eleven years later Virginia dies of an Illness, Poe was very disturbed. In 1849 Poe died. Poe was known as the Father of Gothic Horror. Readers of Poe's work especially the short stories will find among many Similarities. When analyzing the short stories, readers will find these Similarities by considering the story elements: charters, setting, plot, mood, Subject of matter, and point of view. The characters in Poe's stories share similarities. Often a character is Driven by their emotions. In the Tell Tale Heart the unidentified narrator Becomes so obsessed with his emotions regarding the old man's eye that he Was driven to murder. In the Cask of Amontillado Montessori is totally Controlled by his overpowering feeling that he and his family name had been Insulted. In the Pit and the Pendulum the unknown narrator is being driven By his emotions to survive and to get out of the pit. It seems Poe's characters Are driven by their emotions. Another similarity a reader will notice is that usually male characters left Unidentified for example in The Pit and the Pendulum the entire story is Narrated by a man who is certainly unnamed, but is also vague regarding his Person. In this story he is basically the only character. In The Fall of the House of Usher the narrator who is the central character among only two Other characters remain nameless and vague as well. The characters in Poe's Stories are enigmatic, mysterious, and often unidentified. Poe's settings share several similarities. Often a story will take place in a Dark confined space. For example The Pit and the Pendulum is an area Where it is a small closed and unidentified. Also in The Cask of Amontillado it is in the catacombs mostly nowhere else. Also the settings in Poe's work are often vague, unknown, or far away. For example The Pit and The Pendulum is very unclear it is set in what appears to be an underground Pit during the time of the Spanish Inquisition, but it remain dark and Mysterious. Also, the style itself is merky and difficult summing to reflect That very darkness and unclearness of the setting. The selection revealed the Above similarities of Poe's settings. Poe's technique for plot elements shows similarities. Madness, murder, Revenge, horror, and bizarre situations that seem to abruptly end our plot Themes that weave their way through many of Poe's stories. For example in The Cask of a Amontillado Montessori is seeking revenge to Fortunate Insulting Montessori and his family. Also in The Tell Tale Heart the narrator Kills an old man because of the appearance of the old man's eye which is a Bizarre situation. Another example is The Pit and the Pendulum it Contained horror and many bizarre situations. The mood in Poe's stories is rather sinister. Poe's work contains Melancholy, sinister objects, and dark and gloomy moods. For example The Pit and the Pendulum is dark and gloomy and has many sinister objects like The pit, the pendulum, and the hot walls coming together. The Tell Tale Heart is full of melancholy because a young man goes insane and commits Murder because of the appearance of an old man's eye. Mostly all of Poe's Work has a sinister mood in it. The subject of matter often contains death, murder, and revenge. For Example in The Cask of a Amontillado Montessori murders Fortunate Because he insulted Montessori. The point of view is usually always first Person and the narrator is the antagonist. For example is The Tell Tale Heart the narrator is in first person and is the antagonist because he murders Someone. In conclusion, Edgar A. Poe is a very interesting man who is known Throughout the world for his work. Poe's stories are good in variety, but Mostly all of them are evil or have a sad or bizarre ending. Poe's is known as The father of gothic horror. Poe is a very talented writer who has

Factors influencing consumers buying behaviour of Thai people in Essay - 2

Factors influencing consumers buying behaviour of Thai people in choosing luxury brands - Essay Example This paper presents the strategy to be used during the research. This paper will begin with the positivism and interpretivism. Positivism is a scientific approach whose methods are organized and measurable basing on the behaviors of the communities.   The positivism principles rely on quantifiable facts that help the researcher make a statistical analysis. Since the researcher seeks to identify human experience on luxury products, positivism design will help the researcher find their consumption patterns and their interests. Since this research aims at determining purchasing patterns of luxury products among the women, social status is a paramount consideration for the consumption of luxury products. Therefore, this approach is essential for this study. On the other hand, interpretive approach inclines towards the qualitative collection of data. Whereas positivism design seeks to identify the causes of buying behavior patterns, the interpretivist methodology is more qualitative and seeks for commonness in consumption patterns. For the purpose of this study, the research inclines mainly to quantitative and not qualitative data collection. The researcher will base researcher understanding on â€Å"positive† verification of visible experience as opposed to intuition or introspection. This makes this approach applicable to the study. There are two main methods that researcher often uses to collect the data which are a quantitative and qualitative method.

Is police brutality justifiable in the United States Essay

Is police brutality justifiable in the United States - Essay Example The answer to this question is more complex than initially thought. Social media do an excellent persuasive job in misconstruing public opinion based on cases of justified excessive police force and cases where the force is questionable. This delicate issue in our society at the moment is sweeping our nation and dividing Americans by ethnic groups, depending on the victimization of each case that hits the news. A wide range of allegations on police brutality in the United States tend to give rise to broad discussions in public. As usual, there are two opposite points of view on the issue which are represented in the dichotomy â€Å"reasonable force vs. police brutality†. Representatives on both the sides rely greatly on what they get from the media coverage of events and not many of them refer to official surveys which can shed light upon the problem under discussion. Before addressing the above-mentioned research, it is necessary to give a clear definition of what reasonable force means though. As it is stated in legal papers, the police have a right to use a â€Å"reasonable force†. Overall, the law states clearly in what cases one can use a reasonable force. Among such circumstances are self-defense, defense of other people or property, lawful arrest and prevention of a crime. In fact, common citizens are also allowed to use force in these situations; the standards for police officers are higher though. In any case, the use of such force appears to be reasonable under given circumstances (Fitch 234-235). In other words, one, in this case, a police officer, must believe that the force he / she (still usually he) uses is justifiable and not excessive at the same time. To see how a serving police officer assesses a situation in which he might use force, how the police are taught, an interview has been conducted. The interviewee is a serving police officer who he asked not to give his name that is why he will be referred to

Effect of Robot Technology for Post Stroke Gait Improvement

Effect of Robot Technology for Post Stroke Gait Improvement Introduction Stroke is a one of the most severe health problem worldwide; it is a syndrome characterised by signs and symptoms that develop rapidly resulting in focal and global loss of cerebral functions. These sign and symptoms resulting from vascular insufficiency last for over 24 hours eventually results in severe physical and functional disability or may also cause death. It has been also found that per year prevalence rate of stroke is high i.e. 2/1000. However, the mortality rate of stroke is reduce in past few years but it is still the second most cause of death worldwide following chronic heart disease and third-most leading cause of death in New Zealand following cancer at first and chronic heart disease at second. Moreover, because of the poor functional outcome in majority of post-stroke patients, makes stroke as an utmost cause of disability worldwide; as one-third of post stroke population suffers with severe functional disability even after five years of stroke. Besides, over 7000 stroke incident reports per year in New Zealand; 3/4th of this post stroke population have to live dependently on others for their Activities of daily living. Eventually, post-stroke functional disability and rehabilitation cost of post stroke victims results in increase holistic socioeconomic burden; in conjunction with victim and their respective family member, i ncreases the worldwide economic burden at 4% (Barker, 2010). According to previous studies; neuroplasticity mechanism plays an imperative role in post-stroke functional improvement. In an endeavour to achieve effective functional recovery, it is mandatory to use neuroplasticity mechanism effectively is an essential goal to include during the stroke rehabilitation (Pekna, 2012). Whilst, multidisciplinary treatment approach and task specific training embellish with consistent repetition or high intensity task practice are also vital for functional recovery after stroke1. Therefore, it is essential to include these fundamental principal during the goal setting of stroke rehabilitation (Langhorne, 2011). Furthermore previous studies reveals; coordinated reciprocal movements and pastoral tone is reduce or lost subsequently post-stroke. Therefore, gait alteration is one of the most common disability among post-stroke patient; as 30% of the stroke survivors have impaired walking ability i.e., slow walking velocity in conjunction with decrease endurance and poor ability to adopt constrains during walking (Tilling, 2001). Eventually, in an endeavour to improve activities of daily living and functional independence among stroke victim; an independent ambulation is an important goal to achieve during stroke rehabilitation. Kwakkel (1999), suggest the imperative role of motor control in improving the ability to control and regulate normal pattern of movement. Besides, it has been also found from studies that for an efficient motor relearning programme it is important to emphasize on the three essential components: Neural; Muscular and; Biomechanical . Therefore, it is essential to focus on high intensity and diversity of specific tasks during the post stroke relearning of skilful movements. Consequently, multidisciplinary approach is supposed to be more beneficial and important for the motor relearning of the stroke patients. Evidently it has been conclude from the previous studies; although innumerable of stroke victims reported worldwide; besides a huge variability in treatment approaches for post-stroke rehabilitation also exists. Therefore, in manoeuvre to reduce post-stroke disability, it is essential to have a reliable and effective rehabilitation treatment. In the recent years a new technology with the help of advance computational approaches and sophisticated electromechanical components has been developed and named as Robot. A robot is develop and design in such a way that it can be re-programmable and perform multi-functional tasks by moving specialize devices. Therefore, it can be used to accomplish a specific task by programming it to produce variable specific motion movements (Pignolo, 2009). As it has been already conclude that the utmost requirements are the consistent repetition or high intensity task practice in stroke rehabilitation; because of the available advancement in technology, it is advantageous to use robot as an effective intervention in stroke rehabilitation (Stein, 2012). Majority of studies have been done to determine the effect of conventional rehabilitation approaches on the variables (function and walking speed) associated with gait training of stroke patients. In most of these studies conventional physiotherapy treatment was included to rehabilitate the gait of the stroke patients therefore; the results of these studies is mainly based upon single treatment approach. Apparently, results of these single treatment approach studies may not be that much beneficial because of the diversity in post-stroke functional loss. Eventually, as soon as robot technology is accepted as an effective intervention for the rehabilitation for stroke; majority of studies are now focus on effectiveness of therapeutic rehabilitation robots surge dramatically. As it has been already found, that the high dosage intensive training and high intensity functional task practice plays an imperative role in stroke rehabilitation. Besides, it has been also reveal that robotic technology has the advantage of delivering this high dosage intensive training and consistent practice of specific functional task. Therefore robot technology as an intervention can play an imperative role in minimizing the adverse post stroke disability effect. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to compare the effect of robotic technology as an intervention on the functional improvement and gait training in the insight of evidence that; a robotic technology as an intervention enhances functional and gait improvement among post-stroke people. METHODS Search Strategy In the present study, a variety of electronic database were search for the initial literature search: EBSCO and Medline health database, Elsevier, PubMed, google, Pedro, AUT library database. Extensive key word were included for the initial search: Stroke; post-stroke disability; neuroplasticity; motor disorder; functional impairment; gait dysfunction; stroke rehabilitation; conventional treatment approach, robot intervention . In the manoeuvre of standardized approach during the search procedure; the list of keyword and all their combinations were used uniformly for searching the literature. Furthermore, additional keywords were added to the main keywords list included review,critical,meta and systematic review when searching for past review articles on stretching and exercise interventions. Study Selection Inclusion Criteria: There was not limitation on the date of publication but search was limited to articles publish in English language. The studies having randomized controlled trial and quasi-experimental studies; comparing either the experimental group with another intervention or with a control group were eligible to include in the present study. The study was restricted to those post-stroke patients who are in sub-acute or chronic stage, fully cooperative and able to follow command, having robot assisted rehabilitation for gait impairment and functional disability. Participants included in studies should not have any; pathological restricted ROM, amputation of any lower limb joint. Furthermore, pilot studies and single case studies were excluded in the present study. Data extraction Data from included studies were extracted for the variables of interest: Gait improvement and functional independence. Then for the tabulated presentation of data; it was then presented in the table 2, under the headings: Author; Study design; Intervention; Outcome measures and; Main findings. Internal validity of the studies The internal validity of the included studies for the appraisal and grading of intervention were checked through a modified version of the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group (CMIG) scoring system that comprises of eleven items covering aspects of study design. A final overall score or quality rating (out of a possible 11) for all the included studies was then awarded to each intervention paper. Data synthesis In all the included studies; effect of the robot assisted intervention on post-stroke patients was analysed through gait improvement and functional independence. However, most of the studies included in this literature review also have a diversity in the variables of interest therefore, in an endeavour to check quality of the included studies; a pattern of evidence approach was thus used and marked accordingly on the basis of their design and consistency of finding: low quality if it scored 5 to 6; moderate quality if it scored 6 to 8 and; high quality if it scored 9 or above. Among the included eight studies; one found to be of high quality with score at 9 and remaining studies were of moderate quality with an average score at 6 to 8. RESULTS Initially after searching various database, two thousand articles were identified and out of these articles only twenty articles were found to be appropriate for the abstract review. Thereafter, only 10 papers were found to have the full paper review, and then out of these 8 intervention studies were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria and were further subject to critical appraisal and scoring. The primary reasons for the rejection of papers were the intervention other than Robot. Secondly, remaining non-included studies were focused on the population having either acute phase of stroke, restricted rom and amputation of the lower limb. The information relating to each paper included in the review is shown Figure 1. Figure 1: Flowchart Efficacy of robot intervention in Stroke rehabilitation Selected variables – Robot intervention; Gait improvement and Functional independence Two thousand paper were found 100 articles identified, 20 were suitable for abstract review, 10 papers were selected for the full paper review 8 intervention studies were selected on the basis of the inclusion criteria and were further subject to critical appraisal and scoring Inclusion criteria-RCT; Quasi experimental; English language; Robot intervention; Stroke patients Exclusion criteria Restricted rom; Amputation, Pilot studies, Single case studies Results – One study include is of high quality score at 9 and seven are of moderate quality score at 6 to 8 Quality The scores related to the quality of the papers (QS) varied from 6 to 9. One paper attained a strong quality score each at 9, while all others were at moderate quality score at 6 to 8. The key elements associated with the quality of each paper (blinding of subjects and treatment providers etc.), that were not addressed well are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Internal validity of the studies S.N Author A B C D E F G H I J K Quality score 1 Bandy, W.D. (1994) Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y 9 2 Bandy, W.D. (1997) Y Y Y N.P N N N.P Y Y Y Y 7 3 Baranda, P. S. (2010), Y Y Y N.P N.P N N.P Y Y Y Y 7 4 Feland, J. B. (1999). Y Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y Y 9 5 Feland, J. B. (2001) Y Y Y N.P N.P N N Y Y Y Y 7 6 Ford, G. S. (2005) Y Y Y Y N N N.P N Y Y Y 7 7 Odunaiya, N.A. (2005) Y Y Y N N N.P N N.P Y Y Y 6 8 OHora, J. (2011) Y Y Y N N N N N Y Y Y 6 9 Zakas, A. B. (2013) Y Y Y Y N.P N.P N.P Y Y Y Y 8 Participants From the overall prospective, there were a total of 327 subjects in all the included studies. All the subject included in the studies were stroke patients, having gait impairments and functional dependency. Firstly, it has been found that in all the included studies; an informed consent form was gathered from subjects for their ethical approval. Moreover, in order to keep subjects blinded to the interventions; a randomization of subjects in different groups was done by an appropriate manner. Furthermore, in all the included studies Robot intervention was used as an intervention for the rehabilitation of gait and functional independence. The Robotic device used in all the included studies for the intervention was Lokomat.

Improvement of the International Trade Essay

Introduction Organizations are facing increased global competition, economic uncertainties, and changing markets. Technology is changing the way we conduct business and manage information. Outsourcing of goods and services enables companies to take advantage of lower costs in areas such as labor, energy, land and capital. By doing this, companies hope to lower their overall cost structure, improve profit margins, and enhance product quality, reliability and distribution, thus allowing them to compete more effectively. Suppliers and vendor partners may be located in the same city, region or country. But they are just as likely to be located halfway around the world, adding new challenges to business management. The growth of international strategic partnerships has risen exponentially in the last twenty years. Competing in a global marketplace has made it increasingly important to align business strategies with a risk management strategy that includes strengthening global supply chains and vendor partnerships. In the near future, it is supply chains that will compete, not companies. Global supply chains must be carefully selected and monitored to ensure the competitive edge required to achieve success in the global market place. Typically, the first order of business has been logistics and operations. 1. Logistics moves the entire economy Economic developments in recent years have led to the creation of complex company networks and systems of goods flow – in the process, the globalization of procurement, production and sales as well as the division of labor have increased. In addition, the complexity of international logistics systems in many sectors has grown as a result of increasing product variations and differentiation. Another factor is that many companies are concentrating on their core skills and are reducing their vertical integration. The efficient management of the resulting global flows of goods has boosted both the business and economic significance of logistics. Structure of Global Trade International trade, both in terms of value and tonnage, has been a growing trend in the global economy. It is important to underline when looking at the structure of global trade that it is not nations that are trading, but mostly corporations with the end products mostly consumed by individuals. Inter and intra corporate trade is taking place across national jurisdictions is accounted as international trade. The emergence of the current structure of global trade can mainly be articulated within three major phases: †¢ First phase (immobile factors of production). Concerns a conventional perspective on international trade that prevailed until the 1970s where factors of production were much less mobile. Prior to the end of World War I, global trade was mainly structured by colonial relations. Particularly, there was a limited level of mobility of raw materials, parts and finished products. After World War I international trade became fairly regulated with impediments such tariffs , quotas and limitations to foreign ownership. Trade mainly concerned a range of specific products, namely commodities, (and very few services) that were not readily available in regional economies. Due to regulations, protectionism and fairly high transportation costs, trade remained limited and delayed by inefficient freight distribution. In this context, trade was more an exercise to cope with scarcity than to promote economic efficiency. †¢ Second phase (mobility of factors of production). From the 1980s, the mobility of factors of production, particularly capital, became possible. The legal and physical environment in which international trade was taking place lead to a better realization of the comparative advantages of specific locations. Concomitantly, regional trade agreements emerged and the global trade framework was strengthened from a legal and transactional standpoint (GATT/WTO). In addition, containerization provided the capabilities to support more complex and long distance trade flows, as did the growing air traffic. Due to high production (legacy) costs in old industrial regions, activities that were labor intensive were gradually relocated to lower costs locations. The process began as a national one, then went to nearby countries when possible and afterwards became a truly global phenomenon. Thus, foreign direct investments surged, particularly towards new manufacturing regions as multinational corporations became increasingly flexible in the global positioning of their assets. †¢ Third phase (global production networks). There is a growth in international trade, now including a wide variety of services that were previously fixed to regional markets and a surge in the mobility of the factors of production. Since these trends are well established, the priority is now shifting to the geographical and functional integration of production, distribution and consumption with the emergence of global production networks. Complex networks involving flows of information, commodities, parts and finished goods have been set, which in turn demands a high level of command of logistics and freight distribution. In such an environment, powerful actors have emerged which are not directly involved in the function of production and retailing, but mainly taking the responsibility of managing the web of flows. The global economic system is thus characterized by a growing level of integrated services, finance, retail, manufacturing and nonetheless distribution, which in turn is mainly the outcome of improved transport and logistics, a more efficient exploitation of regional comparative advantages and a transactional environment supportive of the legal and financial complexities of global trade. Trade Facilitation The volume of exchanged goods and services between nations is taking a growing share of the generation of wealth, mainly by offering economic growth opportunities in new regions and by reducing the costs of a wide array of manufacturing goods. By 2007, international trade surpassed for the first time 50% of global GDP, a twofold increase in its share since 1950. The facilitation of trade involves how the procedures regulating the international movements of goods can be improved. It depends on the reduction of the general costs of trade, which considers transaction, tariff, transport and time costs, often labeled as the â€Å"Four Ts† of international trade. United nations estimates have underlined that for developing countries a 10% reduction in transportation cost could be accompanied with a growth of about 20% in international and domestic trade. Thus, the ability to compete in a global economy is dependent on the transport system as well as a trade facilitation framework with activities including: †¢ Distribution-based. A multimodal and intermodal freight transport system composed of modes, infrastructures and terminals that spans across the globe. It insures a physical capacity to support trade and its underlying supply chains. †¢ Regulation-based. Customs procedures, tariffs, regulations and handling of documentation. They insure that trade flows abide to the rules and regulations of the jurisdictions they cross. Cross-border clearance, particularly in developing countries, can be a notable trade impediment with border delays, bottlenecks and long customer clearance times. †¢ Transaction-based. Banking, finance, legal and insurance activities where accounts can be settled and risk mitigated. They insure that the sellers of goods and services are receiving an agreed upon compensation and that the purchasers have a legal recourse if the outcome of the transaction is judged unsatisfactory or is insured if a partial or full loss incurs. The quality, cost, and efficiency of these services influence the trading environment as well as the overall costs linked with the international trade of goods. Many factors have been conductive to trade facilitation in recent decades, including integration processes, standardization, production systems, transport efficiency and transactional efficiency: †¢ Integration processes, such as the emergence of economic blocks and the decrease of tariffs at a global scale through agreements, promoted trade as regulatory regimes were harmonized. One straightforward measure of integration relates to custom delays, which can be a significant trade impediment since it adds uncertainty in supply chain management. The higher the level of economic integration, the more likely the concerned elements are to trade. International trade has consequently been facilitated by a set of factors linked with growing levels of economic integration, the outcome of processes such as the European Union or th e North American Free Trade Agreement. The transactional capacity is consequently facilitated with the development of transportation networks and the adjustment of trade flows that follows increased integration. Integration processes have also taken place at the local scale with the creation of free trade zones where an area is given a different governance structure in order to promote trade, particularly export oriented activities. In this case, the integration process is not uniform as only a portion of a territory is involved. China is a salient example of the far-reaching impacts of the setting of special economic zones operating under a different regulatory regime. †¢ Standardization concerns the setting of a common and ubiquitous frame of reference over information and physical flows. Standards facilitate trade since those abiding by them benefit from reliable, interoperable and compatible goods and services which often results in lower production, distribution and maintenance costs. Measurement units were among the first globally accepted standards (metric system) and the development of information technologies eventually led to common operating and telecommunication systems. It is however the container that is considered to be the most significant international standard for trade facilitation. By offering a load unit that can be handled by any mode and terminal with the proper equipment, access to international trade is improved. †¢ Production systems are more flexible and embedded. It is effectively productive to maintain a network of geographically diversified inputs, which favors exchanges of commodities, parts and services. Information technologies have played a role by facilitating transactions and the management of complex business operations. Foreign direct investments are commonly linked with the globalization of production as corporations invest abroad in search of lower production costs and new markets. China is a leading example of such a process, which went on par with a growing availability of goods and services that can be traded on the global market. †¢ Transport efficiency has increased significantly because of innovations and improvements in the modes and infrastructures in terms of their capacity and throughput. Ports are particularly important in such a context since they are gateways to international trade through maritime shipping networks. As a result, the transferability of commodities, parts and finished goods has improved. Decreasing transport costs does more than increasing trade; it can also help change the location of economic activities. Yet, transborder transportation issues remain to be better addressed in terms of capacity, efficiency and security. †¢ Transactional efficiency. The financial sector also played a significant role in integrating global trade, namely by providing investment capital and credit for international commercial transactions. For instance, a letter of credit may be issued based upon an export contract. An exporter can thus receive a payment guarantee from a bank until its customer finalizes the transaction upon delivery. This is particularly important since the delivery of international trade transactions can take several weeks due to the long distances involved. During the transfer, it is also common that the cargo is insured in the event of damage, theft or delays, a function supported by insurance companies. Also, global financial systems permit to convert currencies according to exchange rates that are commonly set by market forces, while some currencies, such as the Chinese Yuan, are set by policy. Monetary policy can thus be a tool, albeit contentious, used to influence trade. The close relationship between international economic growth and logistics Mobility is a critical condition for gains to be achieved in productivity, growth and employment in a macroeconomic context. The connection between economic growth and demand for product-transporting services is the result of various effects. These effects can clearly show the growing significance of the economic sector of goods distribution: 1 The effect of goods volume For a long time, it was assumed that in highly developed economies fewer and fewer quantities of goods were produced for the macrologistics system and that the transport volume rose at a slower pace than the economy. Today, it can be assumed that the development actually goes in the opposite direction as a result of the increasing inter-company division of labor created by intensified outsourcing in some highly developed countries. Transport intensity – that is, transport performance per production quantity unit – increases for many types of goods. Individual parts or components of a product are transported numerous times during various stages of the value chain, e.g., transports between plants. 2 The effect of goods structure In highly developed economies, the number of high-quality consumer and production goods rises. The share of mass goods, on the other hand, stagnates or even falls. The distribution of goods then shifts to high-quality products that must be shipped quickly. Because of the relatively low costs, road transports Road transport generally benefit. Railroads and inland water transports generally suffer because of their low speed. 3 The effect of logistics Logistics systems constantly undergo optimization. Supply chain management Supply chain management, production-synchronization deliveries that employ just-in-time Just-in-time concepts, the forgoing of storage and global outsourcing are just a few examples of this. But the application of modern logistics concepts affects the economic sector of goods distribution. This is because the new logistics focus of industrial and trade companies has altered the demands placed on the goods-distribution system. Road transports can react relatively flexibly and well to these demands. Railroads and inland water transports have a difficult time making this switch. At the same time, air-freight transports profit from time-critical shipments. 4 The effect of integration The creation of large economic regions gives rise to international, cross-border logistics systems. For instance, the European Union and regulations from the World Trade Organization [World Trade Organization (WTO) have propelled globalization Globalization in the goods-distribution sector. As economic regions spread, cross-border trade expands and the distances that must be covered by logistics systems lengthen. The effect of integration describes the increasing demands placed on the economic sector of goods distribution that are arising from the creation of larger economic regions and cross-border logistics systems. Conclusion: In all likelihood, globalization will continue and intensify. Trade is critical to economic growth and to global development. Trade facilitation has been pointed out as the lowest-hanging fruit in this respect. It has also been argued that logistics services play an important role in matching entrepreneurs in poor countries with foreign customers, whether these are retailers or downstream manufacturers. In particular, as the traditional wholesalers are increasingly being bypassed in modern supply chains, developing countries need to ensure that their entrepreneurs have access to modern intermediaries that can help match local suppliers with foreign buyers and with ensuring that products meet quality as well as time reliability requirements. The future growth of world trade will not be evenly spread, any more than world trade has ever been evenly spread in any period in world history. Individual countries are in very different positions with respect to their ability to benefit from world trade. Part of that is luck – having a coast, and rich neighbors help. But part of it is skill. Countries that are open to world trade, that create the infrastructure, and above all the right attitude, will be best placed to weather the current hiatus more successfully, and to prosper in the years ahead. References: http://www.dhl-discoverlogistics.com/cms/en/course/trends/macroeconomics.jsp http://www.na-businesspress.com/Wisma.pdf http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch5en/conc5en/ch5c2en.html http://www.unece.org.unecedev.colo.iway.ch/fileadmin/DAM/trade/agr/meetings/ge.01/document.r/wppdf.pdf